Hybrid constructed wetlands for tertiary treatment of poultry slaughter wastewater to meet quality standards of discharge and reuse: a full-scale case study in Vietnam.

The construction and operation of a small-scale hybrid constructed wetland (HCW) system for tertiary wastewater treatment was presented. The HCW system includes a vertical sub-surface flow CW (VFCW), a horizontal sub-surface flow CW (HFCW), and a free water surface flow CW (FWSCW). Operated in series, it had a total area of 150 m.