Tracking Carbon and Ammonia Emission Flows of China's Nitrogen Fertilizer System: Implications for Domestic and International Trade.

China is the world's largest producer, consumer, and exporter of synthetic nitrogen (N) fertilizer. To assess the impact of domestic demand and international exports, we quantified the life-cycle COeq and ammonia (NH) emissions by tracking carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) flows from coal/gas mining through ammonia production to N fertilizer production, application, and export. In 2020, China's N fertilizer system emitted 496.

Finite-Element Analysis of Noise Preceding the Arrival of S-Wave in Ultrasonic Measurements of Rock Velocities.

For oil and gas seismic exploration, rock velocities are essential parameters to tease out reservoir properties from seismic data. The ultrasonic pulse transmission (UPT) method has been a gold standard to estimate reservoir rock velocities in the laboratory. Regarding the UPT method, accurate determination of the travel time of waves plays a significant role in robustly measuring rock velocities.

Switchable PDT for reducing skin photosensitization by a NIR dye inducing self-assembled and photo-disassembled nanoparticles.

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is the combination of light and photosensitizer (PS) to kill tumor cells, which has the potential to meet many currently unmet medical needs. However, the whole body distribution and activatability by sunlight of photosensitizers to induce skin photosensitivity have limited the extensive clinic application of PDT. Herein, a novel strategy is presented to overcome these limitations by using a hydrophobic Near-infared (NIR) dye IR-780 iodide (IR780) to induce the self-assembly of albumin-PS conjugates, as a switchable PDT (Switch-PDT) agent.