Brain region-specific action of ketamine as a rapid antidepressant.

Ketamine has been found to have rapid and potent antidepressant activity. However, despite the ubiquitous brain expression of its molecular target, the -methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR), it was not clear whether there is a selective, primary site for ketamine's antidepressant action. We found that ketamine injection in depressive-like mice specifically blocks NMDARs in lateral habenular (LHb) neurons, but not in hippocampal pyramidal neurons.

High-resolution structures illuminate key principles underlying voltage and LRRC26 regulation of Slo1 channels.

Multi-modal regulation of Slo1 channels by membrane voltage, intracellular calcium, and auxiliary subunits enables its pleiotropic physiological functions. Our understanding of how voltage impacts Slo1 conformational dynamics and the mechanisms by which auxiliary subunits, particularly of the LRRC (Leucine Rich Repeat containing) family of proteins, modulate its voltage gating remain unresolved. Here, we used single particle cryo-electron microscopy to determine structures of human Slo1 mutants which functionally stabilize the closed pore (F315A) or the activated voltage-sensor (R207A).

Sustained antidepressant effect of ketamine through NMDAR trapping in the LHb.

Ketamine, an N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) antagonist, has revolutionized the treatment of depression because of its potent, rapid and sustained antidepressant effects. Although the elimination half-life of ketamine is only 13 min in mice, its antidepressant activities can last for at least 24 h. This large discrepancy poses an interesting basic biological question and has strong clinical implications.

3M™ Petrifilm™ Rapid Yeast and Mold Count Plate for the Enumeration of Yeasts and Molds in Dried Cannabis Flower: AOAC Official MethodSM 2014.05.

Background: The 3MTM Petrifilm™ Rapid Yeast and Mold Count (RYM) Plate is a sample-ready culture medium system which contains nutrients supplemented with antibiotics, a cold-water-soluble gelling agent, and an indicator system that facilitates yeast and mold enumeration.

Objective: The 3M Petrifilm RYM Plate was validated for the enumeration of yeast and mold in dried cannabis flower through the AOAC Emergency Response Validation process.

Methods: The performance of the 3M Petrifilm RYM Plate was compared to dichloran rose bengal chloramphenicol (DRBC) agar.

3M™ Petrifilm™ Rapid Aerobic Count (RAC) Plate Method for the Enumeration of Aerobic Bacteria on Selected Surfaces: AOAC Official MethodSM 2015.13.

Background: The 3M™ Petrifilm™ Rapid Aerobic Count (RAC) Plate is a sample-ready culture medium system designed to facilitate colony enumeration in 24 h (48 h for dry powders) for selected food and environmental surfaces.

Objective: The objective of this study is to evaluate the 3M Petrifilm RAC Plate in a matrix extension study for the enumeration of aerobic bacteria on stainless steel, sealed concrete, and rubber surfaces.

Method: The 3M Petrifilm RAC Plate was compared to the U.

3M™ Petrifilm™ Rapid Yeast and Mold Count Plate Method for the Enumeration of Yeast and Mold on Selected Surfaces: AOAC Official Method 2014.05.

Background: The 3M™ Petrifilm™ Rapid Yeast and Mold Count (RYM) Plate contains nutrients supplemented with antibiotics, a cold-water-soluble gelling agent, and an indicator system that facilitates yeast and mold enumeration in 48-60 h.

Objective: The objective of this study is to evaluate the 3M Petrifilm RYM Plate in a matrix extension study for the enumeration of yeast and mold on stainless steel, sealed concrete, and rubber surfaces.

Methods: The 3M Petrifilm RYM Plate was compared to the U.

3M™ Petrifilm Yeast and Mold Count Plate for the Enumeration of Yeasts and Molds in Dried Cannabis Flower: AOAC Official MethodSM 997.02.

Background: The 3M™ Petrifilm™ Yeast and Mold (YM) Count Plate is a sample-ready culture medium system that contains nutrients supplemented with antibiotics, a cold-water-soluble gelling agent, and an indicator system that facilitates yeast and mold enumeration.

Objective: The 3M Petrifilm YM Plate was validated for enumeration of yeast and mold in dried cannabis flower through the AOAC Emergency Response Validation process.

Methods: The performance of the 3M Petrifilm YM Plate was compared to that of Dichloran Rose Bengal Chloramphenicol (DRBC) agar.

The LRRC family of BK channel regulatory subunits: potential roles in health and disease.

Large conductance K channels, termed BK channels, regulate a variety of cellular and physiological functions. Although universally activated by changes in voltage or [Ca ] , the threshold for BK channel activation varies among loci of expression, often arising from cell-specific regulatory subunits including a family of leucine rich repeat-containing (LRRC) γ subunits (LRRC26, LRRC52, LRRC55 and LRRC38). The 'founding' member of this family, LRRC26, was originally identified as a tumour suppressor in various cancers.

Validation of the 3M™ Petrifilm™ Coliform Count Plate for Enumeration of Coliforms in Bottled Water: AOAC Performance Tested MethodSM 082101.

Background: The 3M™ Petrifilm™ Coliform Count (CC) Plate is a sample-ready-culture medium system which contains modified Violet Red Bile nutrients, a cold-water-soluble gelling agent, and a tetrazolium indicator that facilitates colony enumeration.

Objective: To validate the 3M Petrifilm CC Plate method for bottled water through the AOAC®  Performance Tested Method(s)SM program.

Methods: The performance of the 3M Petrifilm CC Plate was compared to the U.

Influenza and other respiratory viral infections associated with absence from school among schoolchildren in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA: a cohort study.

Background: Information on the etiology and age-specific burden of respiratory viral infections among school-aged children remains limited. Though school aged children are often recognized as driving the transmission of influenza as well as other respiratory viruses, little detailed information is available on the distribution of respiratory infections among children of different ages within this group. Factors other than age including gender and time spent in school may also be important in determining risk of infection but have been little studied in this age group.

Nav1.3 and FGF14 are primary determinants of the TTX-sensitive sodium current in mouse adrenal chromaffin cells.

Adrenal chromaffin cells (CCs) in rodents express rapidly inactivating, tetrodotoxin (TTX)-sensitive sodium channels. The resulting current has generally been attributed to Nav1.7, although a possible role for Nav1.

Fast inactivation of Nav current in rat adrenal chromaffin cells involves two independent inactivation pathways.

Voltage-dependent sodium (Nav) current in adrenal chromaffin cells (CCs) is rapidly inactivating and tetrodotoxin (TTX)-sensitive. The fractional availability of CC Nav current has been implicated in regulation of action potential (AP) frequency and the occurrence of slow-wave burst firing. Here, through recordings of Nav current in rat CCs, primarily in adrenal medullary slices, we describe unique inactivation properties of CC Nav inactivation that help define AP firing rates in CCs.

Age-specific social mixing of school-aged children in a US setting using proximity detecting sensors and contact surveys.

Comparisons of the utility and accuracy of methods for measuring social interactions relevant to disease transmission are rare. To increase the evidence base supporting specific methods to measure social interaction, we compared data from self-reported contact surveys and wearable proximity sensors from a cohort of schoolchildren in the Pittsburgh metropolitan area. Although the number and type of contacts recorded by each participant differed between the two methods, we found good correspondence between the two methods in aggregate measures of age-specific interactions.

Goblet cell LRRC26 regulates BK channel activation and protects against colitis in mice.

Goblet cells (GCs) are specialized cells of the intestinal epithelium contributing critically to mucosal homeostasis. One of the functions of GCs is to produce and secrete MUC2, the mucin that forms the scaffold of the intestinal mucus layer coating the epithelium and separates the luminal pathogens and commensal microbiota from the host tissues. Although a variety of ion channels and transporters are thought to impact on MUC2 secretion, the specific cellular mechanisms that regulate GC function remain incompletely understood.

Implementation of ATP and Microbial Indicator Testing for Hygiene Monitoring in a Tofu Production Facility Improves Product Quality and Hygienic Conditions of Food Contact Surfaces: A Case Study.

Rapid ATP testing and microbiological enumeration are two common methods to monitor the effectiveness of cleaning and sanitation in the food industry. In this study, ATP testing and microbiological enumeration were implemented at a tofu production facility with the goal of improving cleaning practices and overall plant hygiene. Results from ATP monitoring were used to target areas of the production environment needing additional cleaning; ATP results were verified by microbiological enumeration of aerobic microorganisms, lactic acid bacteria, and yeasts and molds.

Evaluation of the 3M™ Petrifilm™ Rapid E. coli/Coliform Count Plate for the Enumeration of E. coli and Coliforms: Collaborative Study, First Action: 2018.13.

Background: The 3M™ Petrifilm™ Rapid E. coli/Coliform Count Plate is a selective and differential sample-ready-culture medium designed for the rapid enumeration of Escherichia coli (E. coli) and coliforms in the food and beverage industries.

Age-specific social mixing of school-aged children in a US setting using proximity detecting sensors and contact surveys.

Comparisons of the utility and accuracy of methods for measuring social interactions relevant to disease transmission are rare. To increase the evidence base supporting specific methods to measure social interaction, we compared data from self-reported contact surveys and wearable proximity sensors from a cohort of schoolchildren in the Pittsburgh metropolitan area. Although the number and type of contacts recorded by each participant differed between the two methods, we found good correspondence between the two methods in aggregate measures of age-specific interactions.

The functionally relevant site for paxilline inhibition of BK channels.

The tremorgenic fungal alkaloid paxilline (PAX) is a commonly used specific inhibitor of the large-conductance, voltage- and Ca-dependent BK-type K channel. PAX inhibits BK channels by selective interaction with closed states. BK inhibition by PAX is best characterized by the idea that PAX gains access to the channel through the central cavity of the BK channel, and that only a single PAX molecule can interact with the BK channel at a time.

LRRC52 regulates BK channel function and localization in mouse cochlear inner hair cells.

The perception of sound relies on sensory hair cells in the cochlea that convert the mechanical energy of sound into release of glutamate onto postsynaptic auditory nerve fibers. The hair cell receptor potential regulates the strength of synaptic transmission and is shaped by a variety of voltage-dependent conductances. Among these conductances, the Ca- and voltage-activated large conductance Ca-activated K channel (BK) current is prominent, and in mammalian inner hair cells (IHCs) displays unusual properties.

Regulation of BK Channels by Beta and Gamma Subunits.

Ca- and voltage-gated K channels of large conductance (BK channels) are expressed in a diverse variety of both excitable and inexcitable cells, with functional properties presumably uniquely calibrated for the cells in which they are found. Although some diversity in BK channel function, localization, and regulation apparently arises from cell-specific alternative splice variants of the single pore-forming α subunit ( KCa1.1, Kcnma1, Slo1) gene, two families of regulatory subunits, β and γ, define BK channels that span a diverse range of functional properties.

Regulatory γ1 subunits defy symmetry in functional modulation of BK channels.

Structural symmetry is a hallmark of homomeric ion channels. Nonobligatory regulatory proteins can also critically define the precise functional role of such channels. For instance, the pore-forming subunit of the large conductance voltage and calcium-activated potassium (BK, Slo1, or KCa) channels encoded by a single KCa1.

BK channel inhibition by strong extracellular acidification.

Mammalian BK-type voltage- and Ca-dependent K channels are found in a wide range of cells and intracellular organelles. Among different loci, the composition of the extracellular microenvironment, including pH, may differ substantially. For example, it has been reported that BK channels are expressed in lysosomes with their extracellular side facing the strongly acidified lysosomal lumen (pH ~4.