Growth in Total Height and Its Components and Cardiometabolic Health in Childhood.

Background: Short stature or short legs is associated with cardiometabolic disease. Few studies have addressed this issue in children, incorporated repeated measures, or studied modern cohorts.

Methods: We examined if change in total height, leg length and trunk length between two time points from early (median: 3.

Vaccinations against smallpox and tuberculosis are associated with better long-term survival: a Danish case-cohort study 1971-2010.

Background: When vaccinations with vaccinia against smallpox and Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) against tuberculosis were phased out in some high-income countries around 1980, the impact on overall mortality was not examined. Recent studies from low-income countries have suggested that these vaccines are associated with mortality reductions, not explained by specific disease protection. We examined whether vaccinia and BCG administered in childhood were associated with long-term mortality reductions in a high-income population.

Early Weight Gain, Linear Growth, and Mid-Childhood Blood Pressure: A Prospective Study in Project Viva.

In recent years, the prevalence of hypertension and prehypertension increased markedly among children and adolescents, highlighting the importance of identifying determinants of elevated blood pressure early in life. Low birth weight and rapid early childhood weight gain are associated with higher future blood pressure. However, few studies have examined the timing of postnatal weight gain in relation to later blood pressure, and little is known regarding the contribution of linear growth.

[Onychomycosis is rare in young children, and treatment is a task for dermatological specialists].

Onychomycosis was diagnosed in a two-year-old girl. The infection was caused by Trichophyton rubrum, which is the most frequent cause of toenail onychomycosis. The diagnosis was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction, microscopy and culture.

Being an only or last-born child increases later risk of obesity.

Background: Studies have suggested that number of siblings and birth order is associated with obesity. However, studies combining these exposures are needed. This study aimed at investigating obesity in children and young adults in regard to different combinations of family size and birth order.

[Fish odour--could be a sign of trimethylaminuria].

We present a case with a ten-year-old girl with trimethylaminuria (TMAU). Primary TMAU is caused by a deficiency of flavin monooxygenase 3 (FMO3) due to mutations in the FMO3-gene. Patients suffering from TMAU show an impaired enzymatic oxidation of fish-smelling trimethylamine, and their excretion of this amine in body fluids produces an unpleasant body odour.

[Polycystic ovary syndrome and comorbidity].

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most frequent endocrinological disorder among women in the reproductive age. It is by its very nature a heterogeneous juxtaposition of clinical and biochemical features. In women with PCOS, the most common clinical manifestations - obesity, hirsutism and oligomenorrhoea - are associated with insulin resistance, dyslipidaemia, hypertension, vascular dysfunction involving chronic inflammation and also reduced cardiopulmonary function.