Background: Geophagia or soil-eating behavior is common among pregnant women in sub-Saharan Africa, however its relationship with nutritional status demands further investigation. Using a prospective pregnancy cohort from north-eastern Tanzania, we examined the characteristics of geophagia and its association with nutritional status parameters (mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC), vitamin B12, folate, ferritin, and hemoglobin) before conception and throughout the gestational period.
Methods: Pregnant women (n = 530) were interviewed in each trimester regarding their soil-eating habits.
Clin Psychol Psychother
August 2024
Women who have experienced conflict-related sexual violence report significant long-term effects, including posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression and relationship difficulties. Research has demonstrated that maternal trauma is associated with children's behavioural difficulties and challenges in family functioning, such as impaired communication and harsh parenting. This pilot study is aimed at evaluating the preliminary effectiveness of family therapy for Kosovar mothers who experienced conflict-related sexual violence in 1998-1999 and later developed PTSD and their children in improving family functioning and reducing behavioural difficulties in postwar times.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFBackground: Diabetes in pregnancy is associated with increased risk of long-term metabolic disease in the offspring, potentially mediated by in utero epigenetic variation. Previously, we identified multiple differentially methylated single CpG sites in offspring of women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), but whether stretches of differentially methylated regions (DMRs) can also be identified in adolescent GDM offspring is unknown. Here, we investigate which DNA regions in adolescent offspring are differentially methylated in blood by exposure to diabetes in pregnancy.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFDiabetes Res Clin Pract
May 2024
Aims And Methods: In low- and middle- income countries (LMICs) consequences of gestational diabetes (GDM) is understudied. Using a prospective cohort of mothers (n = 197)and children (n = 251), from rural north-eastern Tanzania, we assessed prediabetes and type 2 diabetes (T2D) prevalence six years after a pregnancy with/without GDM.
Results: The prevalence of prediabetes (49.
Objectives: Anaemia during pregnancy is a major health challenge affecting pregnancy outcome worldwide. The objectives of this study were to investigate the impact of severe-moderate anaemia in the first trimester, as well as changes in haemoglobin during pregnancy among non-anaemic women, on foetal weight, placental blood flow and newborn anthropometrics.
Methods: In a prospective cohort study, 346 women residing in rural Tanzania were followed throughout pregnancy with serial ultrasound and newborn anthropometrics assessed within 24 h of delivery.
Human genetic variation in PPARGC1B has been associated with adiposity, but the genetic variants that affect PPARGC1B expression have not been experimentally determined. Here, guided by previous observational data, we used clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR associated protein 9 (CRISPR/Cas9) to scarlessly edit the alleles of the candidate causal genetic variant rs10071329 in a human brown adipocyte cell line. Switching the rs10071329 genotype from A/A to G/G enhanced PPARGC1B expression throughout the adipogenic differentiation, identifying rs10071329 as a cis-expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL).
View Article and Find Full Text PDFContext: Anemia and malaria are global health problems affecting >50% of pregnant women in sub-Saharan Africa and are associated with intrauterine growth restriction. The hormones fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF-21) and growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15) are involved in metabolic regulation and are expressed in the placenta. No studies exist on FGF-21 and GDF-15 responses to exposures of malaria and anemia in pregnancy.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFBackground: The reported infection rates and burden of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in low- and middle-income countries, including those in sub-Saharan Africa, are relatively low compared to the rates and burden in Europe and America, partly due to limited testing capability. Unlike many countries, Tanzania has implemented neither mass screening nor restrictive measures such as lockdowns to date. The prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in rural mainland Tanzania is largely unknown.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFMaternal diabetes and/or obesity in pregnancy are undoubtedly associated with later disease-risk in the offspring. The placenta, interposed between the mother and the foetus, is a potential mediator of this risk through epigenetic mechanisms, including DNA methylation. In recent years, multiple studies have identified differentially methylated CpG sites in the placental tissue DNA in pregnancies complicated by diabetes and obesity.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFBiomedicines
May 2022
Maternal gestational diabetes and obesity are associated with adverse outcomes in offspring, including increased risk of diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Previously, we identified a lower DNA methylation degree at genomic sites near the genes , , and in the blood cells of adolescent offspring exposed to gestational diabetes and/or maternal obesity in utero. In the present study, we aimed to investigate if altered methylation and expression of these genes were detectable in blood, as well in the metabolically relevant subcutaneous adipose tissue, in a separate cohort of adult offspring exposed to gestational diabetes and obesity (O-GDM) or type 1 diabetes (O-T1D) in utero, compared with the offspring of women from the background population (O-BP).
View Article and Find Full Text PDFMaternal stress during pregnancy is associated with differential DNA methylation in offspring and disrupted cortisol secretion. This study aimed to determine methylation signatures of cortisol levels in children, and whether associations differ based on maternal post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Blood epigenome-wide methylation and fasting cortisol levels were measured in 118 offspring of mothers recruited from the Kosovo Rehabilitation Centre for Torture Victims.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFContext: Anemia during early pregnancy (EP) is common in developing countries and is associated with adverse health consequences for both mothers and children. Offspring of women with EP anemia often have low birth weight, which increases risk for cardiometabolic diseases, including type 2 diabetes (T2D), later in life.
Objective: We aimed to elucidate mechanisms underlying developmental programming of adult cardiometabolic disease, including epigenetic and transcriptional alterations potentially detectable in umbilical cord blood (UCB) at time of birth.
To investigate the association between maternal post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) during pregnancy and offspring DNA methylation and cortisol levels. Blood genome-wide DNA methylation and cortisol was measured in the youngest child of 117 women who experienced sexual violence/torture during the Kosovo war. Seventy-two percent of women had PTSD symptoms during pregnancy.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFInsulin resistance and lower muscle quality (strength divided by mass) are hallmarks of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Here, we explore whether alterations in muscle stem cells (myoblasts) from individuals with T2D contribute to these phenotypes. We identify VPS39 as an important regulator of myoblast differentiation and muscle glucose uptake, and VPS39 is downregulated in myoblasts and myotubes from individuals with T2D.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFMaternal obesity may lead to epigenetic alterations in the offspring and might thereby contribute to disease later in life. We investigated whether a lifestyle intervention in pregnant women with obesity is associated with epigenetic variation in cord blood and body composition in the offspring. Genome-wide DNA methylation was analyzed in cord blood from 208 offspring from the Treatment of Obese Pregnant women (TOP)-study, which includes pregnant women with obesity randomized to lifestyle interventions comprised of physical activity with or without dietary advice versus control subjects (standard of care).
View Article and Find Full Text PDFGestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is associated with poor pregnancy outcomes and increased long-term risk of metabolic diseases for both mother and child. In Tanzania, GDM prevalence increased from 0% in 1991 to 19.5% in 2016.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFObjective: Women with a history of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) have an exceptionally high risk for type 2 diabetes (T2D). Yet, little is known about genetic determinants for T2D in this population. We examined the association of a genetic risk score (GRS) with risk of T2D in two independent populations of women with a history of GDM and how this association might be modified by non-genetic determinants for T2D.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFObjective: Fetal exposure to gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) increases the risk of metabolic diseases in the offspring. Leptin, adiponectin, and fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) may play potential roles in the underlying disease mechanisms. We investigated the impact of fetal exposure to GDM on leptin, adiponectin, and FGF21 concentrations and their associations with measures of adiposity and metabolic traits during childhood/adolescence.
View Article and Find Full Text PDF: Being born with low birth weight (LBW) is a risk factor for muscle insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes (T2D), which may be mediated by epigenetic mechanisms programmed by the intrauterine environment. Epigenetic mechanisms exert their prime effects in developing cells. We hypothesized that muscle insulin resistance in LBW subjects may be due to early differential epigenomic and transcriptomic alterations in their immature muscle progenitor cells.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFThe type 2 diabetes epidemic and one of its predisposing factors, obesity, are major influences on global health and economic burden. It is accepted that genetics and the current environment contribute to this epidemic; however, in the last two decades, both human and animal studies have consolidated considerable evidence supporting the 'developmental programming' of these conditions, specifically by the intrauterine environment. Here, we review the various in utero exposures that are linked to offspring obesity and diabetes in later life, including epidemiological insights gained from natural historical events, such as the Dutch Hunger Winter, the Chinese famine and the more recent Quebec Ice Storm.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFBackground: Individuals born with low birth weight (LBW) have an increased risk of metabolic diseases when exposed to diets rich in calories and fat but may respond to fasting in a metabolically preferential manner. We hypothesized that impaired foetal growth is associated with differential regulation of gene expression and epigenetics in metabolic tissues in response to fasting in young adulthood.
Methods: Genome-wide expression and DNA methylation were analysed in subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) and skeletal muscle from LBW and normal birth weight (NBW) men after 36 h fasting and after an isocaloric control study using microarrays.