Cues to land softly and quietly result in acute reductions in ground reaction force loading rates in runners.

Background: A common gait retraining goal for runners is reducing vertical ground reaction force (GRF) loading rates (LRs), which have been associated with injury. Many gait retraining programs prioritize an internal focus of attention, despite evidence supporting an external focus of attention when a specific outcome is desired (e.g.

Clinical Application of Gait Retraining in the Injured Runner.

Despite its positive influence on physical and mental wellbeing, running is associated with a high incidence of musculoskeletal injury. Potential modifiable risk factors for running-related injury have been identified, including running biomechanics. Gait retraining is used to address these biomechanical risk factors in injured runners.

Nonsurgical Approach in Management of Tibialis Posterior Tendinopathy With Combined Radial Shockwave and Foot Core Exercises: A Case Series.

Tibialis posterior tendinopathy is a common debilitating condition seen by foot and ankle providers. Non-operative management is difficult as patients often present in later stages of the disease. This case series evaluated the combination of radial shockwave therapy and a foot core progression exercise regimen on 10 patients who had failed standard conservative treatment techniques.

Intact visual latent inhibition in schizophrenia patients in a within-subject paradigm.

People are normally slower to learn a CS-UCS association if they first experience the CS without the UCS. This normal slowing, termed "latent inhibition" (LI), is reported by some to be absent in schizophrenia patients. Our previous studies detected generalized learning deficits but not LI deficits in schizophrenia patients, using between-subject auditory and visual LI paradigms.

Amphetamine effects on prepulse inhibition across-species: replication and parametric extension.

Despite the similarities of prepulse inhibition (PPI) of the startle reflex and its apparent neural regulation in rodents and humans, it has been difficult to demonstrate cross-species homology in the sensitivity of PPI to pharmacologic challenges. PPI is disrupted in rats by the indirect dopamine (DA) agonist amphetamine, and while studies in humans have suggested similar effects of amphetamine, these effects have been limited to populations characterized by smoking status and specific personality features. In the context of a study assessing the time course of several DA agonist effects on physiological variables, we failed to detect PPI-disruptive effects of amphetamine in a small group of normal males.

Dopamine agonists disrupt visual latent inhibition in normal males using a within-subject paradigm.

Latent inhibition (LI) is the delayed learning of an association when the conditioned stimulus has previously been experienced out of the context of that association. LI can be measured across species and has been used to understand the neurobiology of schizophrenia, since some reports suggest that schizophrenia patients exhibit LI deficits. One challenge of LI studies in humans has resulted from the fact that LI paradigms have almost uniformly involved between-subject comparisons.

Prestimulus modification of the startle reflex: relationship to personality and physiological markers of dopamine function.

Prepulse inhibition (PPI), a measure of sensorimotor gating, is regulated by dopamine (DA) in rodents. We examined the relationship of PPI in humans to putative markers of brain DA function: (1) novelty seeking (NS; Cloninger's Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire (TPQ)), which is associated with specific DA receptor subtypes, and is reduced in Parkinson's Disease; (2) blink rate, which is increased in primates by DA agonists, and is reduced in Parkinson's Disease. PPI, TPQ and blink rate were measured in 79 normal adult males.

Effects of amantadine and bromocriptine on startle and sensorimotor gating: parametric studies and cross-species comparisons.

Background: We recently reported that prepulse inhibition (PPI) in humans was increased by the dopamine (DA) agonist/ N-methyl- D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonist amantadine (200 mg), but was not significantly altered by the DA agonist bromocriptine (1.25-2.5 mg).

Prestimulus effects on startle magnitude: sensory or motor?

Startle may be inhibited when the startling event is preceded by a stimulus; this is called prepulse inhibition (PPI) when the prestimulus is weak and nonstartling (s) and paired pulse inhibition when the prestimulus elicits startle (S1). The authors examined the relationship of these measures across species and tested whether paired pulse inhibition--like PPI--is independent of the startling effects of the prestimulus. PPI (s-S1 configuration) and paired pulse inhibition (S1-S2 configuration) were elicited in 1 test, using similar stimulus parameters in rats and humans.