Parents' Adverse and Positive Childhood Experiences and Offspring Involvement With the Criminal Legal System.

Importance: Intergenerational cycles of adversity likely increase one's risk of criminal legal system involvement, yet associations with potential contributors, such as parents' adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and positive childhood experiences (PCEs), have not been explored.

Objective: To investigate the association of parents' ACEs and PCEs with their adult children's involvement in US legal systems, from arrest to conviction.

Design, Setting, And Participants: The study team analyzed data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID), a nationally representative cohort study of families in the US.

Knowledge of Palliative Care and Barriers to Access Among Outpatients with Cancer.

Context: Palliative Care (PC) is poorly understood by laypersons. However, little is known about what ambulatory patients with cancer understand about PC or what barriers to access exist.

Methods: Outpatients undergoing cancer treatment completed a survey evaluating their familiarity and knowledge of PC, Palliative Care Knowledge Scale (PaCKS), feelings towards PC (before and after reading a definition of PC), barriers to PC, and prognostic understanding.

Posterior Approach With Small Incision Is a Safe Alternative to Anterior Approach for Hamstring Autograft Harvest in Adolescents.

Background: There are potential drawbacks and complications associated with using the anterior approach to harvest the hamstring tendon as an autograft source for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) reconstruction. A posterior harvest technique has been described as an alternative to an anterior approach in skeletally mature patients. The 2 approaches have not been compared in adolescents.

Medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction with simultaneous osteochondral fracture fixation is an effective treatment for adolescent patellar dislocation with osteochondral fractures.

Background: Osteochondral fractures can occur during patellar dislocation and often require treatment. The purpose of this study is to determine the incidence of recurrent instability and second surgery following osteochondral fracture fixation with concomitant medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction.

Methods: A retrospective review of a cohort of 365 medial patellofemoral ligament reconstructions by a single surgeon from 2008 to 2019 was performed to identify patients who underwent simultaneous osteochondral fracture fixation with bioabsorbable nails.

Bifocal Patellar Tendon Avulsion Fractures in Children and Adolescents: Diagnosis and Treatment Considerations for a Unique Injury Pattern.

Purpose: To highlight important diagnostic and treatment considerations in patients who present with bifocal patellar tendon avulsion fractures from the tibial tubercle and inferior patellar pole.

Methods: Radiographic presentation, surgical technique, and complications of 5 children who sustained bifocal patellar tendon avulsion fractures with ≥6 months postoperative follow-up were retrospectively reviewed. Hospital for Special Surgery (HSS) Brief Functional Activity Scale (HSS Pedi-FABS), Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) pain interference, PROMIS mobility, and Pediatric International Knee Documentation Committee Scale (Pedi-IKDC) were assessed at most recent follow-up.

Increased tibiofemoral rotation on MRI with increasing clinical severity of patellar instability.

Purpose: Tibiofemoral rotation through the knee joint, specifically relative external tibial rotation, has been identified as a potential contributing factor to patellar instability. The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between severity of instability with degree of tibiofemoral rotation in three clinical cohorts: fixed or obligatory dislocators (in which the patella either is constantly laterally dislocated or laterally dislocates with every instance of knee flexion, respectively), standard traumatic instability patients, and normal controls.

Methods: A retrospective study was performed with three cohorts from April 2009 to February 2019: fixed or obligatory dislocators, standard traumatic instability patients, and controls with normal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the knee.

Open Full-Thickness Quadriceps Tendon Autograft Harvest With Repair for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction.

Historically, one of the most common graft choices for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction in the pediatric population has been the hamstring autograft. Although pediatric ACL reconstructions with a hamstring autograft have allowed a majority of children and adolescents to return to athletics, it has been reported that anywhere between 6% and 38% of these patients will go on to experience subsequent graft rupture. The quadriceps tendon autograft is an alternative to the hamstring tendon autograft that demonstrates superior preliminary outcomes, and we currently recommend it for skeletally immature patients undergoing primary and revision ACL reconstruction.

Use Caution When Assessing Preoperative Leg-Length Discrepancy in Pediatric Patients With Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries.

Background: Pre- and postoperative standing hip-to-ankle radiographs are critical for monitoring potential postoperative growth arrest and resultant deformities after pediatric anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction.

Purpose: To determine the prevalence of apparent preoperative leg-length discrepancies (LLDs) that resolve at the first postoperative radiographic examination in patients undergoing ACL reconstruction in order to understand what proportion of the noted preoperative deformities may have been inaccurate.

Study Design: Case series; Level of evidence, 4.

Medial Patellofemoral Ligament Reconstruction in Skeletally Immature Patients.

Patellofemoral instability is a common problem affecting children and adolescents, with recurrent instability often requiring surgical intervention. Medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) reconstruction has become a mainstay for the treatment of patellofemoral instability because of the biomechanical importance of the MPFL against lateral dislocation as well as the high frequency of MPFL injury following traumatic patellar dislocation. The concern in managing skeletally immature patients is the potential for injury to the distal femoral physis.

Modified Lemaire Lateral Extra-articular Tenodesis in the Pediatric Patient: An Adjunct to Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction.

Recent literature has identified a population of active adolescents aged 13 to 15 years who are at high risk for anterior cruciate ligament graft rupture. Addressing the anterolateral complex during primary anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction has recently re-emerged in the literature, with various techniques available. This paper aims to describe a lateral extra-articular tenodesis procedure using the iliotibial band with a modified Lemaire technique.

Increased Posterior Tibial Slope in Patients With Osgood-Schlatter Disease: A New Association.

Background: Osgood-Schlatter disease (OSD) is a traction apophysitis of the tibial tubercle caused by repetitive strain and chronic avulsion from the patellar tendon. No widely accepted anatomic risk factors have been associated with OSD.

Purpose: To determine if OSD is associated with increased posterior tibial slope (PTS).

Pediatric Management of Recurrent Patellar Instability.

Patellofemoral instability is a common orthopedic condition in children and adolescents, with recurrent instability often requiring surgical intervention. Age, bilateral instability, and various anatomic features such as trochlear dysplasia, patella alta, increased tibial tubercle to trochlear groove distance, and patellar tilt have all been described as risk factors for recurrent patellar instability. Medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction has become the mainstay of treatment for addressing recurrent patellar instability in skeletally immature patients.