Ethical use of artificial intelligence to prevent sudden cardiac death: an interview study of patient perspectives.

Background: The emergence of artificial intelligence (AI) in medicine has prompted the development of numerous ethical guidelines, while the involvement of patients in the creation of these documents lags behind. As part of the European PROFID project we explore patient perspectives on the ethical implications of AI in care for patients at increased risk of sudden cardiac death (SCD).

Aim: Explore perspectives of patients on the ethical use of AI, particularly in clinical decision-making regarding the implantation of an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD).

Ethical issues in two parallel trials of personalised criteria for implantation of implantable cardioverter defibrillators for primary prevention: the PROFID project-a position paper.

Aim: To discuss ethical issues related to a complex study (PROFID) involving the development of a new, partly artificial intelligence-based, prediction model to enable personalised decision-making about the implantation of an implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) in postmyocardial infarction patients, and a parallel non-inferiority and superiority trial to test decision-making informed by that model.

Method: The position expressed in this paper is based on an analysis of the PROFID trials using concepts from high-profile publications in the ethical literature.

Results: We identify ethical issues related to the testing of the model in the treatment setting, and to both the superiority and the non-inferiority trial.

It twitches without kicking - An association between fragmentary myoclonus and arousal?

Objective: Fragmentary myoclonus (FM) is a polysomnographic motor phenomenon of unknown clinical relevance. This study investigates FM prevalence, gender differences, sleep stage distribution and association with clinical factors using recently introduced advanced FM scoring criteria.

Methods: We analyzed polysomnographic recordings of 178 patients of a mixed sleep-disorder patient cohort.

Levels of Silicon in Maternal, Cord, and Newborn Serum and Their Relation With Those of Zinc and Copper.

Background: Evidence of silicon's importance to health has been gradually accumulating. Nevertheless, there are few studies comparing serum silicon levels in newborns with maternal levels. Likewise, little is known concerning the inter-relation between silicon and other trace elements.

Lateralization of language function in epilepsy patients: A high-density scalp-derived event-related potentials (ERP) study.

Objectives: Language functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) represents the clinical standard for language lateralization assessment in presurgical epilepsy evaluation, but still many patients experience postoperative language deficits. Event-related potentials (ERPs), especially the negative component around and after 400ms, are related to language processing and could therefore represent a complementary method of language lateralization assessment.

Methods: Scalp EEG was recorded from 64 locations in 36 epilepsy patients and 37 controls during three visually presented language tasks: A short-term language memory task (differentiation memorized vs.

Prospective multi-center study of an automatic online seizure detection system for epilepsy monitoring units.

Objective: A method for automatic detection of epileptic seizures in long-term scalp-EEG recordings called EpiScan will be presented. EpiScan is used as alarm device to notify medical staff of epilepsy monitoring units (EMUs) in case of a seizure.

Methods: A prospective multi-center study was performed in three EMUs including 205 patients.

Spatial correlation based artifact detection for automatic seizure detection in EEG.

Automatic EEG-processing systems such as seizure detection systems are more and more in use to cope with the large amount of data that arises from long-term EEG-monitorings. Since artifacts occur very often during the recordings and disturb the EEG-processing, it is crucial for these systems to have a good automatic artifact detection. We present a novel, computationally inexpensive automatic artifact detection system that uses the spatial distribution of the EEG-signal and the location of the electrodes to detect artifacts on electrodes.

On the regularity of preparatory activity preceding movements with the dominant and non-dominant hand: a readiness potential study.

The readiness potential (RP), a slow negative electroencephalographic pre-movement potential, was reported to commence earlier for movements with the non-dominant left hand than with the dominant right hand. Latencies in these reports were always calculated from averaged RPs, whereas onset times of individual trials remained inaccessible. The aim was to use a new statistical approach to examine whether a few left hand trials with very early pre-movement activity disproportionally affect the onset of the average.

Differential effects of age and executive functions on the resolution of the contingent negative variation: a reexamination of the frontal aging theory.

The "frontal aging theory" assumes the deterioration of executive/inhibitory functions as causal factors for the cognitive decline in human aging. The contingent negative variation resolution (CNV-R) is an electroencephalographic potential elicited after the second (informative) stimulus in warned Go/NoGo tasks requiring a response to one type of stimulus (Go) but not to the other (NoGo). Whereas the CNV-R across conditions is a measure of executive functions, the augmented potential in the NoGo condition is a specific measure of inhibitory processes.

A new method to determine temporal variability in the period of pre-movement electroencephalographic activity.

The readiness potential (RP), a slow electroencephalographic (EEG) pre-movement potential, was used in earlier studies to determine the onset and order of neural processes preceding voluntary movement. Latencies in these studies were always calculated from the averaged RP, whereas onset times of individual trials remained inaccessible. The aim of this study was to use a different, statistical approach to examine how variable the onset of single-trial RPs within subjects is.

Combined electroencephalography and magnetoencephalography of interictal spikes in benign rolandic epilepsy of childhood.

Objective: The neurogenesis and functional organization of the interictal spikes in benign rolandic epilepsy of childhood (BREC) still remains controversial.

Methods: We performed a combined neuroelectric and neuromagnetic study in 24 consecutive patients with BREC using a 143-channel whole-head magnetoencephalography (MEG) system simultaneously with electroencephalography (EEG) recorded from 40 closely spaced scalp-EEG electrodes. Isopotential and isofield maps were calculated over the time window from 250ms before to 250ms after the maximum of the negative peak of the spike.

EEG evidence of gender differences in a motor related CNV study.

In the present study gender differences related to the contingent negative variation (CNV) were investigated. A series of two acoustic stimuli was presented to participants across a wide age range. The first stimulus was consistent throughout the experiment whereas the second one was either a high frequency or a low frequency tone.

Combined MEG/EEG analysis of the interictal spike complex in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy.

We studied the functional organization of the interictal spike complex in 30 patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE) using combined magnetoencephalography (MEG)/electroencephalography (EEG) recordings. Spikes could be recorded in 14 patients (47%) during the 2- to 3-h MEG/EEG recording session. The MEG and EEG spikes were subjected to separate dipole analyses; the MEG spike dipole localizations were superimposed on MRI scans.

Reference values for serum silicon in adults.

Silicon is an essential nutrient of fundamental importance to human biology. It has been shown that silicon is required for bone, cartilage, and connective tissue formation. However, the assessment of silicon concentration is difficult as reference values are lacking.

Fatigue in a simple repetitive motor task: a combined electrophysiological and neuropsychological study.

Fatigue is one of the most common psychophysiological symptoms that interact with the control mechanisms regulating task behaviour. The cortical processes involved in preparation and feedback control of voluntary movement are associated with EEG activity time-locked to movement onset: a pre-movement Movement-Related Cortical Potential (MRCP) is followed by a post-movement potential (PMP). The aim of this study was to determine whether changes in subjective fatigue which arise in the course of a simple repetitive motor task affect cortical information processing as measured by MRCPs or PMPs.

Habituation in a simple repetitive motor task: a study with movement-related cortical potentials.

Objective: The movement-related cortical potential (MRCP) attenuates over the right hemisphere during the performance of a complex motor sequence. Because subjects have to learn complex sequences, earlier research has attributed this decrease of negativity to motor learning. The aims of this study were (1) to examine whether such an attenuation also occurs in the course of a repetitive motor task so simple that learning is not required, and (2) whether there are any transfer effects when subjects change from one to the other hand.

The effects of alteration of effector and side of movement on the contingent negative variation.

Objective: The contingent negative variation (CNV) is a widespread electroencephalographic (EEG) potential that occurs during the interval between a warning stimulus and a subsequent imperative stimulus if a mental or motor response is required. The present study was designed to explore the impact of the previous trial on the CNV of the forthcoming trial, that is, how a previous movement affects brain activation preparing the next movement. Effects of alteration of finger (from index to middle, and vice versa) and hand (from left to right, and vice versa) were examined independently from each other.

Olfaction and depth of word processing: a magnetoencephalographic study.

Using a whole-cortex magnetoencephalograph, magnetic field changes were recorded to describe brain activities related to simultaneous visual and olfactory processing and to detect odor-related influences on verbal information processing. Words had to be either shallowly (nonsemantic) or deeply (semantic) encoded by healthy young subjects, each of these tasks under two different kinds of olfactory stimulation. After each encoding phase, word recognition performance was tested.

Olfaction and face encoding in humans: a magnetoencephalographic study.

Magnetic field changes were recorded while 20 healthy young participants performed a deep face encoding task. Some of the faces were randomly associated with a simultaneously presented odor. A recognition test, during which all faces were presented again together with the same number of new faces, followed.

Evidence of conscious and subconscious olfactory information processing during word encoding: a magnetoencephalographic (MEG) study.

The present study was meant to distinguish between unconscious and conscious olfactory information processing and to investigate the influence of olfaction on word information processing. Magnetic field changes were recorded in healthy young participants during deep encoding of visually presented words whereby some of the words were randomly associated with an odor. All recorded data were then split into two groups.

Magnetoencephalography in presurgical epilepsy evaluation.

The introduction of whole-head magnetoencephalography (MEG) systems facilitating simultaneous recording from the entire brain surface has led to a major breakthrough of MEG in presurgical epilepsy evaluation. Localizations of the interictal spike zone with MEG showed excellent agreement with invasive electrical recordings, were useful to clarify the spatial relationship of the irritative spike zone to structural lesions, and could attribute epileptic activity to lobar subcompartments both in temporal lobe and extratemporal epilepsy. MEG was especially useful for the study of patients with non-lesional neocortical epilepsy and of patients with large lesions, where it provided unique information on the epileptogenic zone.

The effects of alteration of effector and side of movement on movement-related cortical potentials.

The amplitude of the movement-related cortical potential (MRCP) preceding self-paced voluntary movements is larger if subjects alter between flexions of two fingers compared with repetitive movements of the same finger. However, earlier studies were confined to alternating movements between limbs only and therefore could not differentiate effects of between-limbs from within-limb alteration. The present study was designed to examine effects of alteration of finger (from index to middle, and vice versa) and hand (from left to right, and vice versa) independently from each other.

Physiological evidence of gender differences in word recognition: a magnetoencephalographic (MEG) study.

Magnetic field recordings were made in order to describe brain processes during a word recognition experiment. We investigated 26 healthy young subjects (14 females) and focused on gender differences related to recognition performance and brain activity. From about 200 ms to 350 ms after word onset the event-related field (ERF) patterns differed significantly between women and men, although the mean recognition performances did not.

A medial to lateral shift in pre-movement cortical activity in hemi-Parkinson's disease.

Objective: Recent evidence suggests that cortical activity associated with voluntary movement is relatively shifted from medial to lateral premotor areas in Parkinson's disease. This shift occurs bilaterally even for unilateral responses. It is not clear whether the shift in processing reflects an overall change in movement strategy, thereby involving alternate cortical areas, or reflects a compensatory change whereby, given the appropriate conditions, less impaired cortical areas are able to provide a similar function in compensation for those areas which are more impaired.