Evaluating glaucoma in myopic eyes: Challenges and opportunities.

The increasing global prevalence of myopia presents a significant public health concern, and growing evidence has demonstrated that myopia is a major risk factor for the development of open-angle glaucoma. Therefore, timely detection and management of glaucoma in myopic patients are crucial; however, identifying the structural alterations of glaucoma in the optic nerve head (ONH) and retinal tissues of myopic eyes using standard diagnostic tools such as fundus photography, optical coherence tomography (OCT), and OCT angiography (OCTA) presents challenges. Additionally, myopia-related perimetric defects can be confounded with glaucoma-related defects.

Association Between Alcohol Use and Primary Open Angle Glaucoma.

Prcis: In a diverse database (All of Us), we report significant dose-response associations between alcohol use frequency and glaucoma, with alcohol use of 4 or more drinks per week associated with significantly increased odds of glaucoma.

Purpose: Current evidence on the association between alcohol use and primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) is mixed. We utilize the diverse All of Us Research Program to further examine this relationship.

Number of macula optical coherence tomography scans needed to detect glaucoma progression.

Background: To evaluate the impact of testing frequency on the time required to detect statistically significant glaucoma progression for ganglion cell complex (GCC) with optical coherence tomography (OCT).

Materials And Methods: From multicentre glaucoma registries, 332 eyes of 201 glaucoma patients were enrolled over an average of 4.4 years.

Evaluating a Foundation Artificial Intelligence Model for Glaucoma Detection Using Color Fundus Photographs.

Purpose: To evaluate RETFound, a foundation artificial intelligence model, using a diverse clinical research dataset to assess its accuracy in detecting glaucoma using optic disc photographs. The model's accuracy for glaucoma detection was evaluated across race, age, glaucoma severity, and various training cycles (epochs) and dataset sample sizes.

Design: Evaluation of a diagnostic technology.

The Development and Validation of a Glaucoma Health Score for Glaucoma Screening Based on Clinical Parameters and Optical Coherence Tomography Metrics.

This study aims to develop and validate a Glaucoma Health Score (GHS) that incorporates multiple individual glaucoma risk factors to enhance glaucoma detection in screening environments. The GHS was developed using a retrospective dataset from two clinical sites, including both eyes of glaucoma patients and controls. The model incorporated age, central corneal thickness, intraocular pressure, pattern standard deviation from a visual field threshold 24-2 test, and two parameters from an optical coherence tomography (OCT) test: the average circumpapillary retinal nerve fiber layer thickness and the minimum thickness of the six sectors of the macular ganglion cell plus the inner plexiform layer.

Racial Differences in Diagnostic Accuracy of Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Thickness in Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma.

Purpose: To evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (RNFLT) by spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) in primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) in eyes of African (AD) and European descent (ED).

Design: Comparative diagnostic accuracy analysis by race.

Participants: 379 healthy eyes (125 AD and 254 ED) and 442 glaucomatous eyes (226 AD and 216 ED) from the Diagnostic Innovations in Glaucoma Study and the African Descent and Glaucoma Evaluation Study.

Longitudinal OCTA vessel density loss in macula and optic nerve head in healthy, glaucoma suspect and established glaucoma eyes.

Background/aims: To examine longitudinal optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) changes in macula and optic nerve head (ONH) in healthy, glaucoma suspect (GS) and primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) eyes.

Methods: Healthy, GS and POAG eyes from Diagnostic Innovations in Glaucoma Study with ≥2 years follow-up and four visits of macular/ONH OCTA imaging were included. Rates of macular wiVD (whole-image vessel density) and ONH wiCD (whole-image capillary density) changes were calculated for each diagnosis group using join mixed-effect modelling.

Rates of Visual Field Progression Before and After the Onset of Atrial Fibrillation.

Prcis: This case-control study investigated the effect of atrial fibrillation (AF) on the progression of glaucoma. The presence of AF and related microvascular damage was associated with a slightly faster visual field loss in glaucoma patients.

Purpose: To investigate the effect of atrial fibrillation (AF) on glaucoma progression.

Quality of Life and Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma in the Ocular Hypertension Treatment Study.

Importance: If preperimetric glaucoma reduces patient-reported vision-related quality of life (VRQoL), clinicians might consider earlier and more aggressive treatment of some patients with ocular hypertension and early glaucoma.

Objective: To determine the impact of preperimetric glaucoma and early glaucomatous visual field (VF) loss on participants' VRQoL compared with participants who did not develop glaucoma in the Ocular Hypertension Treatment Study (OHTS).

Design, Setting, And Participants: This cross-sectional study used data from participants enrolled in the OHTS from 1994 to 1996 who completed 20-year examination follow-up and VRQoL surveys from January 7, 2016, to November 19, 2019.

Federated Learning in Glaucoma: A Comprehensive Review and Future Perspectives.

Clinical Relevance: Glaucoma is a complex eye condition with varied morphological and clinical presentations, making diagnosis and management challenging. The lack of a consensus definition for glaucoma or glaucomatous optic neuropathy further complicates the development of universal diagnostic tools. Developing robust artificial intelligence (AI) models for glaucoma screening is essential for early detection and treatment but faces significant obstacles.

Assessing The Relationship Between Demand And Accessibility For Pediatric Ophthalmology Services By State In The United States.

Purpose: To investigate the relationship between public demand for pediatric ophthalmology services and the accessibility of such services on a statewide basis in the United States, focusing on strabismus care.

Methods: Using Google Trends data, search volumes for "strabismus" were analyzed from January 2014 to December 2023. Pediatric ophthalmologist availability was assessed via the American Academy of Ophthalmology directory, normalized for state population size to create a relative demand index.

Detection of glaucoma progression on longitudinal series of en-face macular optical coherence tomography angiography images with a deep learning model.

Background/aims: To design a deep learning (DL) model for the detection of glaucoma progression with a longitudinal series of macular optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) images.

Methods: 202 eyes of 134 patients with open-angle glaucoma with ≥4 OCTA visits were followed for an average of 3.5 years.

Time to Glaucoma Progression Detection by Optical Coherence Tomography and Visual Field in Glaucoma Individuals of African Descent.

Purpose: To examine the time to glaucoma progression detection by retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (RNFLT) and visual field (VF) among individuals of African descent (AD).

Design: Retrospective cohort study.

Methods: This multicenter study included eyes with glaucoma from individuals of AD from the Diagnostic Innovations in Glaucoma Study and the African Descent and Glaucoma Evaluation Study with ≥2 years/5 visits of optic nerve head RNFLT and 24-2 VF examinations.

Rates of Choriocapillaris Microvascular Dropout and Macular Structural Changes in Glaucomatous Optic Neuropathy With and Without Myopia.

Purpose: To evaluate the association between rates of juxtapapillary choriocapillaris microvasculature dropout (MvD) change and rates of ganglion cell inner plexiform layer (GCIPL) loss in primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) and glaucoma suspect eyes with and without myopia.

Design: Cohort study from clinical trial data.

Methods: 238 eyes from 155 POAG and glaucoma suspect patients were stratified into no-myopia (axial length (AL) ≤ 24 mm; n = 78 eyes), mild myopia (24 mm < AL ≤ 26 mm; n = 114 eyes), and high myopia (AL > 26 mm; n = 46 eyes).

Wide-Field Optical Coherence Tomography Imaging Improves Rate of Change Detection in Progressing Glaucomatous Eyes Compared With Standard-Field Imaging.

Purpose: To compare rates of retinal nerve fiber layer change over time in healthy, eyes with nonprogressing glaucoma and eyes with progressing glaucoma using single wide-field (SWF) and optic nerve head (ONH) cube scan optical coherence tomography (OCT) images.

Methods: Forty-five eyes of 25 healthy individuals and 263 eyes of 161 glaucoma patients from the Diagnostic Innovations in Glaucoma Study were included. All eyes underwent 24-2 visual field testing and OCT (Spectralis SD-OCT) ONH and macular imaging.

Association between metformin use with circumpapillary retinal nerve fibre layer thickness and capillary vessel density in glaucoma.

Background/aims: To investigate the association between use of metformin and circumpapillary retinal nerve fibre layer (cpRNFL) thickness, as well as whole image capillary density (wiCD), in patients with glaucoma.

Methods: This cross-sectional study included patients with glaucoma suspect or primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) underwent optical coherence tomography angiography imaging. Use and duration of antidiabetic medications were assessed at the time of imaging.

Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Optical Texture Analysis and 10-2 Visual Field Assessment in Glaucoma.

Purpose: To apply retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) optical texture analysis (ROTA) to 1) investigate the association between papillomacular and papillofoveal bundle defects with 10-2 visual field (VF) sensitivity abnormalities, and 2) integrate the information from RNFL bundle defect and 24-2 VF central test locations to determine the likelihood of 10-2 VF sensitivity abnormalities.

Design: Cross-sectional.

Methods: A total of 841 eyes (144 healthy, 317 glaucoma suspect, and 380 glaucoma) of 442 participants were included.

Racial Differences in Diagnostic Accuracy of Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Thickness in Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma.

Purpose: To evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (RNFLT) by spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) in primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) in eyes of African (AD) and European descent (ED).

Design: Comparative diagnostic accuracy analysis by race.

Participants: 379 healthy eyes (125 AD and 254 ED) and 442 glaucomatous eyes (226 AD and 216 ED) from the Diagnostic Innovations in Glaucoma Study and the African Descent and Glaucoma Evaluation Study.

Reduction of Optic Disc Microvasculature and Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Thinning in Patients With Glaucoma.

Purpose: To assess the relationship between the change of optic disc vessel density (ODVD) and retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thinning in primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) patients.

Design: Retrospective case series.

Methods: For 105 POAG patients, ≥5 consecutive optical coherence tomography (OCT) and OCT angiography images were obtained during ≥2 years of follow-up.

Rate of Initial Optic Nerve Head Capillary Density Loss and Risk of Visual Field Progression.

Importance: Rapid initial optic nerve head capillary density loss may be used to assess the risk of glaucoma visual field progression.

Objective: To investigate the association between the rate of initial optic nerve head capillary density loss from optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) and visual field progression.

Design, Setting, Participants: This was a retrospective study of a longitudinal cohort at a glaucoma referral center.

Optic Disc Microvasculature Dropout in Preperimetric Glaucoma.

Prcis: Optic disc microvasculature dropout (MvD-D) was associated with worse disease severity in pre-perimetric glaucoma. MvD-D was not accompanied by focal lamina cribrosa defect or parapapillary deep-layer microvasculature dropout in 62.3% and 71.