Sex-specific socioeconomic inequalities in trajectories of anthropometry, blood pressure, and blood-based biomarkers from birth to 18 years: a prospective cohort study.

Evidence on when socioeconomic inequalities in conventional cardiometabolic risk factors emerge and how these change over time is sparse but important in identifying pathways to socioeconomic inequalities in cardiovascular disease (CVD). We examine socioeconomic inequalities in cardiometabolic risk factors trajectories across childhood and adolescence. Data were from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC), born in 1991/1992.

Preterm Birth and Cardiometabolic Health Trajectories From Birth to Adulthood: The Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children.

Background: Adults who were born prematurely (<37 weeks' gestation) are at increased cardiovascular disease risk, but it is unclear when in the life course this risk emerges. Our aim was to compare trajectories of multiple cardiometabolic risk factors from childhood to early adulthood between those who had and had not been born preterm.

Methods And Results: Multilevel models were used to compare trajectories from early childhood (<9 years) to age 25 years of body mass index, fat and lean mass, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, lipids, glucose, and insulin, between individuals born preterm (N=311-676; range, 25-36 weeks' gestation) and term (N=4973-10 534) in a UK birth cohort study.

Goal attainment, medication adherence and guideline adherence in the treatment of hypertension and dyslipidemia in Irish populations: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background: The appropriate treatment high blood pressure (BP) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol.(LDL-C), according to clinical guidelines, reduces a patient's risk of a cardiovascular event.

Aim: This systematic review aims to evaluate the attainment of BP and LDL-C goals among the Irish population in both primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular diseases, the level of adherence to prescribing guidelines by doctors and the level of medication adherence among patients.

Perinatal factors associated with sensory processing difficulties in infancy: Findings from the Etude Longitudinale Francaise depuis l'Enfance (ELFE) French national birth cohort.

Background: Sensory processing involves the nervous system receiving, modulating, and responding to sensory stimuli. Clinical samples have elevated rates of sensory processing difficulties, less is known about sensory processing at population-level. We aimed to investigate patterns of sensory processing in infancy and their association with perinatal factors.

Poverty trajectories and child and mother well-being outcomes in Ireland: findings from an Irish prospective cohort.

Background: Poverty is associated with poor outcomes, yet exposure to distinct poverty trajectories in early childhood is not well understood.

Objective: To understand the prevalence of different trajectories of household poverty and their association with mid-childhood and mother indicators of physical health and psychopathology in Ireland.

Methods: We used a nationally representative, prospective cohort (Growing Up in Ireland-Infant Cohort).

Health care utilization and the associated costs attributable to cardiovascular disease in Ireland: a cross-sectional study.

Background: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of mortality and disability globally. We examined healthcare service utilization and costs attributable to CVD in Ireland in the period before the introduction of a major healthcare reform in 2016.

Methods: Secondary analysis of data from 8113 participants of the first wave of The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing.

Household energy poverty and trajectories of emotional and behavioural difficulties in children and adolescents: findings from two prospective cohort studies.

Purpose: The aim of this study is to examine the association between household energy poverty (EP) and trajectories of emotional and behavioural difficulties during childhood.

Methods: The Growing up in Ireland study is two nationally representative prospective cohorts of children. The Infant Cohort (n = 11,134) were recruited at age 9 months (9 m) and followed up at 3, 5, 7 and 9 years (y).

Prenatal maternal cortisol, stress and anxiety, and childhood obesity at 5 years: a nested case-control study.

Background: Paediatric obesity is a global public health issue. Prenatal maternal mental health is potentially implicated in the development of childhood obesity. This study examined associations between prenatal maternal cortisol, self-reported stress, anxiety and depression in the second trimester, and childhood overweight and obesity at 5 years of age.

Childhood socioeconomic position and sex-specific trajectories of metabolic traits across early life: prospective cohort study.

Background: Socioeconomic inequalities in cardiovascular disease risk begin early in life and are more pronounced in females than males later in life. Causal atherogenic traits explaining this are not well understood. We explored sex-specific associations between childhood socioeconomic position (SEP) and molecular measures of systemic metabolism across early life.

Life course effects of genetic susceptibility to higher body size on body fat and lean mass: prospective cohort study.

Background/objectives: Different genetic variants are associated with larger body size in childhood vs adulthood. Whether and when these variants predominantly influence adiposity are unknown. We examined how genetic variants influence total body fat and total lean mass trajectories.

Sex-specific trajectories of molecular cardiometabolic traits from childhood to young adulthood.

Background: The changes which typically occur in molecular causal risk factors and predictive biomarkers for cardiometabolic diseases across early life are not well characterised.

Methods: We quantified sex-specific trajectories of 148 metabolic trait concentrations including various lipoprotein subclasses from age 7 years to 25 years. Data were from 7065 to 7626 offspring (11 702 to14 797 repeated measures) of the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children birth cohort study.

Associations between maternal metabolic parameters during pregnancy and fetal and child growth trajectories from 20 weeks' gestation to 5 years of age: Secondary analysis from the ROLO longitudinal birth cohort study.

Objective: To examine the association between maternal metabolic parameters in pregnancy and growth trajectories up to 5 years of age.

Methods: Data from mother-child pairs who participated in the ROLO study, a randomized trial examining the impact of a low glycaemic index diet on the recurrence of macrosomia, were analysed. Fetal and child growth trajectories were developed from longitudinal measurements from 20 weeks gestation up to 5 years of age.

A systematic review protocol of quantitative instruments of income inequality in studies of children and adolescents.

Income inequality is an important indicator of socioeconomic position which is a determinant of social, psychological, and physical health outcomes from childhood to adulthood. Different income inequality instruments (metrics) are used to investigate associations between income inequality and health outcomes (e.g.

Effects of general and central adiposity on circulating lipoprotein, lipid, and metabolite levels in UK Biobank: A multivariable Mendelian randomization study.

Background: The direct effects of general adiposity (body mass index (BMI)) and central adiposity (waist-to-hip-ratio (WHR)) on circulating lipoproteins, lipids, and metabolites are unknown.

Methods: We used new metabolic data from UK Biobank (=109,532, a five-fold higher N over previous studies). EDTA-plasma was used to quantify 249 traits with nuclear-magnetic-resonance spectroscopy including subclass-specific lipoprotein concentrations and lipid content, plus pre-glycemic and inflammatory metabolites.

Ecological factors and childhood eating behaviours at 5 years of age: findings from the ROLO longitudinal birth cohort study.

Background: Individual differences in children eating behaviours have been linked with childhood overweight and obesity. The determinants of childhood eating behaviours are influenced by a complex combination of hereditary and ecological factors. This study examines if key ecological predictors of childhood overweight; maternal socio-economic status (SES), children's screen time, and childcare arrangements, are associated with eating behaviours in children aged 5-years-old.

Puberty Timing and Sex-Specific Trajectories of Systolic Blood Pressure: a Prospective Cohort Study.

Background: Sex differences in systolic blood pressure (SBP) emerge during adolescence but the role of puberty is not well understood. We examined sex-specific changes in SBP preceding and following puberty and examined the impact of puberty timing on SBP trajectories in females and males.

Methods: Trajectories of SBP before and after puberty and by timing of puberty in females and males in a contemporary birth cohort study were analyzed.

Breastfeeding Is Associated With a Reduced Maternal Cardiovascular Risk: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Involving Data From 8 Studies and 1 192 700 Parous Women.

Background Breastfeeding has been robustly linked to reduced maternal risk of breast cancer, ovarian cancer, and type 2 diabetes. We herein systematically reviewed the published evidence on the association of breastfeeding with maternal risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) outcomes. Methods and Results Our systematic search of PubMed and Web of Science of articles published up to April 16, 2021, identified 8 relevant prospective studies involving 1 192 700 parous women (weighted mean age: 51.

Sex-specific associations of adiposity with cardiometabolic traits in the UK: A multi-life stage cohort study with repeat metabolomics.

Background: Sex differences in cardiometabolic disease risk are commonly observed across the life course but are poorly understood and may be due to different associations of adiposity with cardiometabolic risk in females and males. We examined whether adiposity is differently associated with cardiometabolic trait levels in females and males at 3 different life stages.

Methods And Findings: Data were from 2 generations (offspring, Generation 1 [G1] born in 1991/1992 and their parents, Generation 0 [G0]) of a United Kingdom population-based birth cohort study, the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC).

A study protocol for the development of a SPIRIT extension for trials conducted using cohorts and routinely collected data (SPIRIT-ROUTINE).

 Protocols are an essential document for conducting randomised controlled trials (RCTs). However, the completeness of the information provided is often inadequate. To help improve the content of trial protocols, an international group of stakeholders published the Standard Protocol Items: Recommendations for Interventional Trials (SPIRIT) Initiative in 2013.

Body muscle gain and markers of cardiovascular disease susceptibility in young adulthood: A cohort study.

Background: The potential benefits of gaining body muscle for cardiovascular disease (CVD) susceptibility, and how these compare with the potential harms of gaining body fat, are unknown. We compared associations of early life changes in body lean mass and handgrip strength versus body fat mass with atherogenic traits measured in young adulthood.

Methods And Findings: Data were from 3,227 offspring of the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (39% male; recruited in 1991-1992).