The Impact of Cybersecurity Attacks on Human Trust in Autonomous Vehicle Operations.

Objective: This study examines the extent to which cybersecurity attacks on autonomous vehicles (AVs) affect human trust dynamics and driver behavior.

Background: Human trust is critical for the adoption and continued use of AVs. A pressing concern in this context is the persistent threat of cyberattacks, which pose a formidable threat to the secure operations of AVs and consequently, human trust.

Computer Simulation to Assess Emergency Department Length of Stay in Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury.

Objectives: Our study aimed to identify how emergency department (ED) arrival rate, process of care, and physical layout can impact ED length of stay (LOS) in pediatric traumatic brain injury care.

Methods: Process flows and value stream maps were developed for 3 level I pediatric trauma centers. Computer simulation models were also used to examine "what if" scenarios based on ED arrival rates.

Driving characteristics of young adults prior to and following concussion.

Objectives: This study sought to examine whether young adults who sustain concussions have different driving histories and pre-injury driving styles than uninjured peers. In addition, we assessed whether modifications were made to driving behavior in the acute period following concussion.

Methods: Self-reported driving and demographic information was collected from 102 16- to 25-year-old drivers.

Cognitive Impairment and Driving Skills in Youth After Concussion.

Concussions can impact cognitive processes necessary for driving. Young adults, a group who are more likely to engage in risky behaviors, have limited driving experience and a higher rate of motor vehicle collisions; they may be at higher risk for driving impairment after concussion. There are no clear guidelines for return-to-driving following a concussion.

Provider perceptions of severe pediatric traumatic brain injury care priorities across hospitals in South America before and during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Background: To understand provider perceptions of the COVID-19 pandemic on priorities of severe pediatric traumatic brain injury (TBI) care across hospitals in South America.

Methods: Site principal investigators (PIs) from 17 hospitals in South America enrolled in the PEGASUS-Argentina randomized controlled trial completed questionnaires regarding order of tasks performed in the care of a typical pediatric patient with severe TBI before (2019) and during (2021) the COVID-19 pandemic. Acute care processes were examined by quintiles to identify early, mid, and late actions and were categorized and compared.

Driving behavior at midblock crosswalks with Rectangular Rapid Flashing Beacons: Hidden Markov model approach using naturalistic data.

Pedestrian fatalities have increased in the U.S. with the largest increase being observed on urban arterials and away from intersections.

Sparse group regularization for semi-continuous transportation data.

Motor vehicle crashes are a global public health concern. Most analysis have used zero-inflated count models for examining crash counts. However, few methods are available to account for safety metrics that have semi-continuous observations.

Comparisons of physical exposure between workers harvesting apples on mobile orchard platforms and ladders, part 1: Back and upper arm postures.

This study compared farmworkers' exposure to non-neutral postures using a new mobile platform apple harvesting method and the traditional method using ladders. Twenty-four workers were recruited and assigned into three groups: ladder workers (n = 8) picking apples from full trees using a ladder, mobile platform workers (n = 8) picking apples from upper part of the trees while standing on a moving platform, and ground-based mobile platform workers (n = 8) picking apples from lower part of the trees which the mobile platform workers left out. Upper arm and back inclinations were continuously monitored during harvesting using tri-axial accelerometers over full work shifts (~8 h).

Comparisons of physical exposure between workers harvesting apples on mobile orchard platforms and ladders, part 2: Repetitive upper arm motions.

Farmworkers are exposed to physical risk factors including repetitive motions. Existing ergonomic assessment methods are primarily laboratory-based and, thus, inappropriate for use in the field. This study presents an approach to characterize the repetitive motions of the upper arms based on direct measurement using accelerometers.

Auditory Messages for Intersection Movement Assist (IMA) Systems: Effects of Speech- and Nonspeech-Based Cues.

Objective: The objective of this study was to assess the effects of different warning messages for an Intersection Movement Assist (IMA) based on drivers' ability to avoid a potential safety hazard.

Background: An IMA system can detect hazards and warn drivers when it is unsafe to enter an intersection. The effects of different warning information conveyed by these systems are still unknown.

Human factors considerations in designing a personalized mobile dialysis device: An interview study.

Recent technical advances have enabled the creation of mobile dialysis device prototypes. These prototypes have been tested for their ability to allow an individual to be dialyzed continuously rather than sporadically. The most recent prototype of a mobile dialysis device aims at increased functionality, which suggests that human factors issues (e.

Allocation of Driver Attention for Varying In-Vehicle System Modalities.

Objective: This paper examines drivers' allocation of attention using response time to a tactile detection response task (TDRT) while interacting with an in-vehicle information system (IVIS) over time.

Background: Longer TDRT response time is associated with higher cognitive workload. However, it is not clear what role is assumed by the human and system in response to varying in-vehicle environments over time.

Corrigendum: Subsurface Microbial Habitats in an Extreme Desert Mars-Analog Environment.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.

Intersections and Non-Intersections: A Protocol for Identifying Pedestrian Crash Risk Locations in GIS.

Intersection and non-intersection locations are commonly used as spatial units of analysis for modeling pedestrian crashes. While both location types have been previously studied, comparing results is difficult given the different data and methods used to identify crash-risk locations. In this study, a systematic and replicable protocol was developed in GIS (Geographic Information System) to create a consistent spatial unit of analysis for use in pedestrian crash modelling.

Identifying characteristics that impact motor carrier safety using Bayesian networks.

Problem Statement: In the U.S., a safety rating is assigned to each motor carrier based on data obtained from the Motor Carrier Management Information System (MCMIS) and an on-site investigation.

Subsurface Microbial Habitats in an Extreme Desert Mars-Analog Environment.

Sediments in the hyper-arid core of the Atacama Desert are a terrestrial analog to Mars regolith. Understanding the distribution and drivers of microbial life in the sediment may give critical clues on how to search for biosignatures on Mars. Here, we identify the spatial distribution of highly specialized bacterial communities in previously unexplored depth horizons of subsurface sediments to a depth of 800 mm.

Behavioral Adaptations to Lane Keeping Systems: Effects of Exposure and Withdrawal.

Objective: A driving simulator study was conducted to evaluate the longitudinal effects of an intervention and withdrawal of a lane keeping system on driving performance and cognitive workload.

Background: Autonomous vehicle systems are being implemented into the vehicle fleet. However, limited research exists in understanding the carryover effects of long-term exposure.

Evaluating variability in foot to pedal movements using functional principal components analysis.

There are reasons why the driver's foot may not be applied to the correct pedal while driving and this can lead to unintended consequences. In this study, we seek to capture common and unique patterns of variations in drivers' foot movements using functional principal components analysis (FPCA). This analysis technique was used to analyze three categories of pedal response types (direct hits, corrected trajectories, and pedal errors) based on the various foot to pedal trajectories.

Simulation of the Emergency Department Care Process for Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury.

The treatment of patients in the emergency department (ED) with severe pediatric traumatic brain injury (TBI) is challenging, and treatment process strategies that facilitate good outcomes are not well documented. The overall objective of this study was to identify factors that can affect the care process associated with pediatric TBI. This objective was achieved using a discrete-event simulation model of patients with TBI as they progress through the ED treatment process of a Level I trauma center.

Frequency of and factors associated with emergency department intracranial pressure monitor placement in severe paediatric traumatic brain injury.

Objective: To examine the frequency of and factors associated with emergency department (ED) intracranial pressure (ICP) monitor placement in severe paediatric traumatic brain injury (TBI).

Methods: Retrospective, multicentre cohort study of children <18 years admitted to the ED with severe TBI and intubated for >48 hours from 2007 to 2011.

Results: Two hundred and twenty-four children had severe TBI and 75% underwent either ED, operating room (OR) or paediatric intensive care unit (PICU) ICP monitor placement.

Examining Emergency Department Treatment Processes in Severe Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury.

Background: In the treatment of pediatric traumatic brain injury (TBI), timely treatment of patients can affect the outcome. Our objectives were to examine the treatment process of acute pediatric TBI and the impact of non-value-added time (NVAT) on patient outcomes.

Methods: Data for 136 pediatric trauma patients (age < 18 years) with severe TBI from 2 trauma centers in the United States were collected.

Foot placement during error and pedal applications in naturalistic driving.

Data from a naturalistic driving study was used to examine foot placement during routine foot pedal movements and possible pedal misapplications. The study included four weeks of observations from 30 drivers, where pedal responses were recorded and categorized. The foot movements associated with pedal misapplications and errors were the focus of the analyses.

Timely Hemodynamic Resuscitation and Outcomes in Severe Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury: Preliminary Findings.

Objectives: Early resuscitation may improve outcomes in pediatric traumatic brain injury (TBI). We examined the association between timely treatment of hypotension and hypoxia during early care (prehospital or emergency department locations) and discharge outcomes in children with severe TBI.

Methods: Hypotension was defined as systolic blood pressure less than 70 + 2 (age in years), and hypoxia was defined as PaO2 less than 60 mm Hg or oxygen saturation less than 90% in accordance with the 2003 Brain Trauma Foundation guidelines.

Variation in seizure prophylaxis in severe pediatric traumatic brain injury.

OBJECTIVE Posttraumatic seizure is a major complication following traumatic brain injury (TBI). The aim of this study was to determine the variation in seizure prophylaxis in select pediatric trauma centers. The authors hypothesized that there would be wide variation in seizure prophylaxis selection and use, within and between pediatric trauma centers.