Commentary: Nursing Workforce Mobility in a Changing Global Landscape.

The sustainability of a country's health human resources depends on the supply and mobility of its healthcare workers. Globally, nursing occupies the largest health professional labour group (59%), with a growth of 4.7 million nurses seen from 2013 to 2018, amounting to a nursing workforce of 27.

High gene flow maintains genetic diversity following selection for high EPSPS copy number in the weed kochia (Amaranthaceae).

Kochia, a major weed species, has evolved resistance to four herbicide modes of action. Herbicide resistance appears to spread quickly, which could result in diminished standing genetic variation, reducing the ability of populations to adapt further. Here we used double digest restriction enzyme associated sequencing to determine the level of gene flow among kochia populations and whether selection for glyphosate resistance reduces genetic variation.

Hybridization rate and hybrid fitness for Andrz. ex DC (♀) and (L.) Crantz(Brassicaceae) (♂).

Hybridization between crops and their wild relatives has the potential to introduce novel variation into wild populations. Camelina () is a promising oilseed and cultivars with modified seed characteristics and herbicide resistance are in development, prompting a need to evaluate the potential for novel trait introgression into weedy relatives. Little-podded false flax (littlepod) is a naturalized weed in Canada and the USA.

The Intergenerational Impact of Management Relations on Nurse Career Satisfaction and Patient Care.

Objective: This article provides insights into the role of management relations on nurses' career satisfaction across different career stages.

Background: Managers and positive relations with staff are critical to improving job satisfaction, career development, and retention for new graduates to mid- to late-career nurses.

Methods: Using a descriptive qualitative approach, we conducted a thematic analysis of 18 focus groups held in 8 Canadian provinces with 185 student, early-career, and mid- to late-career nurse participants.

Lack of efficacy of transgenic pea (Pisum sativum L.) stably expressing antifungal genes against Fusarium spp. in three years of confined field trials.

Fusarium root rot is a major pea disease in Canada and only partial tolerance exists in germplasm. Transgenic technologies may hold promise but the economic benefits of genetically modified (GM) pea will need to surpass the regulatory costs, time and labor involved in bringing a GM crop to market. European pea (Pisum sativum L.

Antifungal genes expressed in transgenic pea (Pisum sativum L.) do not affect root colonization of arbuscular mycorrhizae fungi.

Genetically modified crops have raised concerns about unintended consequences on non-target organisms including beneficial soil associates. Pea transformed with four antifungal genes 1-3 β glucanase, endochitinase, polygalacturonase-inhibiting proteins, and stilbene synthase is currently under field-testing for efficacy against fungal diseases in Canada. Transgenes had lower expression in the roots than leaves in greenhouse experiment.

Glyphosate resistance reduces kochia fitness: Comparison of segregating resistant and susceptible F2 populations.

Glyphosate is considered the world's most important herbicide, but widespread and continual use has resulted in the evolution of resistance. Kochia scoparia (kochia) has evolved resistance via tandem gene amplification of glyphosate's target, 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS) and resistant populations have been reported from the Canadian Prairies and the Northern Great Plains. Here, we evaluated the fitness costs of EPSPS amplification in kochia by comparing susceptible and resistant full siblings from segregating F2 populations generated from within six populations.

Workforce Integration of Philippine-Educated Nurses who Migrate to Canada through the Live-in Caregiver Program.

Nurses who migrate through the Canadian Live-in Caregiver Program face significant barriers to their subsequent workforce integration as registered nurses in Canada. This study applies the concept of global care chains and uses single case study methodology to explore the experiences of 15 Philippine-educated nurses who migrated to Ontario, Canada, through the Live-in Caregiver Program. The focus is the various challenges they encountered with nursing workforce integration and how they negotiated their contradictory class status.

LPN perspectives of factors that affect nurse mobility in Canada.

Although the licensed practical nurse (LPN) workforce represents an ever-growing and valuable human resource, very little is known about reasons for practical nurse mobility. The purpose of this study was to describe LPN perspectives regarding motives for inter-provincial/territorial (P/T) movement in Canada. Participants included 200 LPNs from nine P/T, and data were analyzed using a qualitative descriptive approach.

Factors that influence career decisions in Canada's nurses.

Understanding the experiences of nurses who have moved between the provinces and territories (P/T) in Canada for work provides insight into the role of professional socialization in career decision-making. This paper analyzes some of the qualitative data arising from a survey of nurses from across Canada. The findings provide insight into nurses' professional socialization and demonstrate that early perceptions and expectations of nursing practice can influence future career decisions such as mobility and intent to remain.

Support and access for nursing continuing education in Canadian work environments.

The purpose of this study was to explore how educational opportunities may affect nurses' decision to move within Canada. Thematic analysis of qualitative data obtained from 35 registered nurses and 35 licensed practical nurses highlighted educational opportunities available in Canada and how these influence nurses' decision to move across the country for work. The results indicate that Canadian nurses value continued learning but face several barriers while trying to further their education.

Mapping nurse mobility in Canada with GIS: career movements from two Canadian provinces.

Recent years have witnessed the publication of a growing number of studies of nursing which, from a disciplinary perspective, are geographical in their orientation. Conceptually, while the emphasis in much of this research has been focused at the micro scale on the dynamics between nursing and "place," curiously there has been scant attention to geometrical "space," and the basic yet important locational and distributive features of nursing at the macro scale. Noting this gap in the literature, the authors of this paper used a Geographical Information System (GIS) to map the movement of 199 nurses from two Canadian provinces where they were educated - Manitoba and Newfoundland - to the provinces where they currently live and work.

I was never recruited: challenges in cross-Canada nurse mobility.

The internal migration of nurses within Canada has had limited study. This paper reports the results of a survey of registered nurses and licensed practical nurses who had migrated between the provinces and territories in Canada. Factors contributing to internal nurse mobility included seeking full-time work, opportunities for career advancement and flexible scheduling options.

The experiences of Canadian-educated early career nurses who practise in the US.

Nurses who are early in their careers make important decisions that begin them on unique career trajectories. One of these decisions may be migration. Little is known about the experiences and career decisions made by early career nurses who were educated in Canada and are working in the United States.

Stemming the flow of Canadian nurse migration to the US.

The migration of nurses from Canada to the United States has occurred for decades, although substantial increases have been noted since the 1990s. A survey of 4,295 Canadian-educated nurses in the US identified that this trend in mobility is largely unchanged. Almost half the nurses in this study migrated to the US in search of full-time work, often after unsuccessfully seeking employment here in Canada prior to leaving.

The historical social positioning of nursing and medicine: implications for career choice, early socialization and interprofessional collaboration.

For almost half a century, research has identified that effective teamwork is essential in order to enhance care provision and health outcomes for patients. Although the value of teamwork is well-recognized in healthcare, the historically rooted dynamics of workplace relationships create a myriad of challenges to creating collaborative teams. Understanding the history of interpersonal dynamics between health professionals can provide direction for future interprofessional education and collaboration strategies.

Molecular markers as a complementary tool in risk assessments: quantifying interspecific gene flow from triticale to spring wheat and durum wheat.

Triticale is being considered as a bioindustrial crop in Canada using genetic modification. Because related spring wheat (Triticum aestivum) and durum wheat (T. durum) may exhibit synchronous flowering and grow in proximity, determination of interspecific gene flow when triticale is the pollen donor is necessary to evaluate potential risk.

The role of organizational context and individual nurse characteristics in explaining variation in use of information technologies in evidence based practice.

Background: There is growing awareness of the role of information technology in evidence-based practice. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of organizational context and nurse characteristics in explaining variation in nurses' use of personal digital assistants (PDAs) and mobile Tablet PCs for accessing evidence-based information. The Promoting Action on Research Implementation in Health Services (PARIHS) model provided the framework for studying the impact of providing nurses with PDA-supported, evidence-based practice resources, and for studying the organizational, technological, and human resource variables that impact nurses' use patterns.

The shifting landscape of immigration policy in Canada: implications for health human resources.

For many years, Canada has relied on international migration to compensate for cyclical shortages in its skilled labour force. This paper reports on recent changes in Canadian immigration policy, namely, the introduction of new immigration programs focused on skilled workers, along with the implementation of domestic mobility agreements. With specific reference to the case of nursing, the paper highlights the necessity for integrated policy across multiple government levels and stakeholder groups, as well as the need to promote the development of evidence-based policy in the fields of immigration and health human resources.

"The potential is unlimited!" Nurse leader perspectives on the integration of HOBIC in Ontario.

Nurse leaders from a sample of acute care and long-term care sites participating in the Health Outcomes for Better Information and Care program in Ontario provided information on their experiences with HOBIC implementation. In addition, they described strategies to enhance successful implementation of the program. Finally, they discussed the potential future uses they envisioned for healthcare settings from the HOBIC data.

Going blank: factors contributing to interruptions to nurses' work and related outcomes.

Aim: To examine interruptions to nurses' work, the systems issues related to these and the associated outcomes.

Background: While some research has described the role interruptions play in medication errors, work is needed to examine specific factors in the nursing work environment that cause interruptions and to assess the impact of these on nurses' work and patient outcomes.

Methods: The present study utilized a mixed method design that involved work observation to detect nursing interruptions in the workplace followed by focus groups with a subsample of nurses.

Beyond generational differences: a literature review of the impact of relational diversity on nurses' attitudes and work.

Aim: Based on a review of the empirical literature, we examine the influence of selected diversity attributes on nurses' work-related attitudes and behaviour.

Background: The nursing workforce has become increasingly heterogeneous in its age, educational attainment, and ethnicity/race distributions. There is considerable speculation, in the literature, that the work values of recent nursing graduates are discordant with more experienced nurses.