Real-Time In Vivo Human Skin Testing Using a Handheld Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer with a Three-Bounce Two-Pass Attenuated Total Reflection Interface.

Attenuated total reflection (ATR) Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) is used to characterize a vast array of materials at the molecular level in various industry types. Here we compare the performance of a portable spectrometer with a novel three-bounce-two-pass (3B2P) ATR scanning interface to the same device with a standard one-bounce (1B) ATR, and to a benchtop spectrometer with a 10-bounce (10B) ATR, in ideal sample-interface conditions and an applied dermatological study setting. In both application settings, the benchtop 10B ATR interface showed the highest signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), however, the novel 3B2P produced a six-fold increase in the sensitivity of the portable spectrometer when analyzing isopropanol and showed the greatest consistency of SNR of all devices when analyzing isopropanol and in vivo skin samples.

Association between skin barrier development and early-onset atopic dermatitis: A longitudinal birth cohort study.

Background: A diagnosis of atopic dermatitis (AD) is common during infancy; however, it is unclear whether differential skin barrier development defines this period and signals disease onset in predisposed individuals.

Objective: We sought to study (NCT03143504) and assess the feasibility of remote skin testing from birth to monitor skin barrier maturation and model association with an AD diagnosis by age 12 months.

Methods: Biophysical testing and infrared spectroscopy were conducted at the maternity ward and family home.

Different types of emollient cream exhibit diverse physiological effects on the skin barrier in adults with atopic dermatitis.

Background: Eczema (atopic dermatitis; AD) is a very common itchy skin condition affecting 1 in 5 children and up to 1 in 10 adults worldwide. The skin of eczema sufferers is prone to redness, irritation and dryness because it does not form an effective barrier, i.e.

Meeting report of the 49th annual meeting of the European Histamine Research Society (EHRS).

The 49th annual meeting of the European Histamine Research Society (EHRS) was planned to be held at 'Die Wolfsburg', Mühlheim an der Ruhr near Düsseldorf in Germany. With the announcement of the COVID-19 pandemic, the face-to-face conference meeting was cancelled and instead, the EHRS Council proposed an Online Symposium to keep up the good spirits and research enthusiasm of the Society members. This meeting report summarises two 2 h sessions held on 1st and 2nd July, 2020 and delivered via Blackboard Collaborate.

An Investigation of the Skin Barrier Restoring Effects of a Cream and Lotion Containing Ceramides in a Multi-vesicular Emulsion in People with Dry, Eczema-Prone, Skin: The RESTORE Study Phase 1.

Introduction: The replenishment of skin lipids depleted in the dry skin state is a desirable therapeutic target to restore skin moisturization; however, there is limited evidence demonstrating the success of this approach through the use of topical emollients. The purpose of this study was to provide evidence of the benefits of a cream and equivalent lotion containing skin lipids in a multi-vesicular emulsion for the management of dry skin. The hypothesis was that the test cream and test lotion could sustain skin moisturization for longer than traditional emollients by sustainably delivering skin lipids.

Effect of Hypoglycemia on Inflammatory Responses and the Response to Low-Dose Endotoxemia in Humans.

Context: Hypoglycemia is emerging as a risk for cardiovascular events in diabetes. We hypothesized that hypoglycemia activates the innate immune system, which is known to increase cardiovascular risk.

Objective: To determine whether hypoglycemia modifies subsequent innate immune system responses.

Histamine H receptor mediates chemotaxis of human lung mast cells.

The diverse effects of histamine are mediated by discrete histamine receptors. The principal repository of histamine in the body is the mast cell. However, the effects of histamine on mast cells, especially those of human origin, have not been fully elucidated.

Prostaglandin D generation from human lung mast cells is catalysed exclusively by cyclooxygenase-1.

Mast cells are an exceptionally rich source of prostaglandin D (PGD). PGD is pro-inflammatory and can cause bronchoconstriction. The enzyme cyclooxygenase (COX) is central to the generation of prostanoids such as PGD.

The anti-inflammatory effects of PGE on human lung macrophages are mediated by the EP receptor.

Background And Purpose: PGE inhibits cytokine generation from human lung macrophages. However, the EP receptor that mediates this beneficial anti-inflammatory effect of PGE has not been defined. The aim of this study was to identify the EP receptor by which PGE inhibits cytokine generation from human lung macrophages.

Identification of evidence-based interventions for promoting HIV medication adherence: findings from a systematic review of U.S.-based studies, 1996-2011.

A systematic review was conducted to identify evidence-based interventions (EBIs) for increasing HIV medication adherence behavior or decreasing HIV viral load among persons living with HIV (PLWH). We conducted automated searches of electronic databases (i.e.

The role of interleukin-1 and interleukin-18 in pro-inflammatory and anti-viral responses to rhinovirus in primary bronchial epithelial cells.

Human Rhinovirus (HRV) is associated with acute exacerbations of chronic respiratory disease. In healthy individuals, innate viral recognition pathways trigger release of molecules with direct anti-viral activities and pro-inflammatory mediators which recruit immune cells to support viral clearance. Interleukin-1alpha (IL-1α), interleukin-1beta (IL-1β) and interleukin-18 (IL-18) have critical roles in the establishment of neutrophilic inflammation, which is commonly seen in airways viral infection and thought to be detrimental in respiratory disease.

A systematic review to identify challenges of demonstrating efficacy of HIV behavioral interventions for gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (MSM).

Gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (MSM) are disproportionately affected by HIV but few MSM-specific evidence-based interventions (EBIs) have been identified for this vulnerable group. We conducted a systematic review to identify reasons for the small number of EBIs for MSM. We also compared study, intervention and sample characteristics of EBIs versus non-EBIs to better understand the challenges of demonstrating efficacy evidence.

A comparison of the Interactive Systems Framework (ISF) for Dissemination and Implementation and the CDC Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention's Research-to-Practice model for behavioral interventions.

Translating evidence-based HIV/STD prevention interventions and research findings into applicable HIV prevention practice has become an important challenge for the fields of community psychology and public health due to evidence-based interventions and evidence-based practice being given higher priority and endorsement by federal, state, and local health department funders. The Interactive Systems Framework (ISF) for Dissemination and Implementation and the Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention (DHAP) Research-to-Practice model both address this challenge. The DHAP model and the ISF are each presented with a brief history and an introduction of their features from synthesis of research findings through translation into intervention materials to implementation by prevention providers.

Influence of beta2-adrenoceptor gene polymorphisms on beta2-adrenoceptor expression in human lung.

Background: The aim of the present study was to establish whether polymorphisms, especially those within the promoter region, of the beta(2)-adrenoceptor gene (ADRB2) influence beta(2)-adrenoceptor expression in human lung.

Methods: The density of beta-adrenoceptors in human lung tissue (n=88) was determined by saturation binding using the radioligand, iodinated cyanopindolol. Discrimination of beta(1)- and beta(2)-adrenoceptors was determined using the highly selective beta(1)-adrenoceptor antagonist, CGP20712A.

The efficacy of HIV/STI behavioral interventions for African American females in the United States: a meta-analysis.

Objectives: We evaluated the efficacy of HIV behavioral interventions for African American females in the United States, and we identified factors associated with intervention efficacy.

Methods: We conducted a comprehensive literature review covering studies published from January 1988 to June 2007, which yielded 37 relevant studies. Data were analyzed using mixed-effects models and meta-regression.

The effectiveness of individual-, group-, and community-level HIV behavioral risk-reduction interventions for adult men who have sex with men: a systematic review.

This article presents the results of a systematic review of the effectiveness and economic efficiency of individual-, group-, and community-level behavioral interventions intended to reduce the risk of acquiring sexually transmitted HIV in adult men who have sex with men (MSM). These results form the basis for recommendations by the Task Force on Community Preventive Services on the use of these interventions. Sexual risk behavior and condom use were the outcomes used to assess effectiveness.

Best-evidence interventions: findings from a systematic review of HIV behavioral interventions for US populations at high risk, 2000-2004.

Objectives: The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's HIV/AIDS Prevention Research Synthesis Team conducted a systematic review of US-based HIV behavioral intervention research literature from 2000 through 2004 to identify interventions demonstrating best evidence of efficacy for reducing HIV risk.

Methods: Standard systematic review methods were used. Each eligible study was reviewed on the basis of Prevention Research Synthesis Team efficacy criteria that focused on 3 domains: study design, implementation and analysis, and strength of evidence.

Evidence-based HIV behavioral prevention from the perspective of the CDC's HIV/AIDS Prevention Research Synthesis Team.

The evidence-based approach to health promotion and disease prevention is growing in many public health sectors, including HIV behavioral prevention. This approach is based on utilizing relevant and rigorous scientific evidence, most appropriately identified through a systematic research synthesis process. With regard to HIV behavioral prevention, this research synthesis process provides decision makers and prevention planners with the evidence base and recommendations they need to translate proven scientific research into practice.

A systematic review and meta-analysis of behavioral interventions to reduce HIV risk behaviors of Hispanics in the United States and Puerto Rico.

This systematic review examines the overall efficacy of HIV behavioral interventions designed to reduce HIV risk behaviors or incident sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) among Hispanics residing in the United States or Puerto Rico. Data from 20 randomized and nonrandomized trials (N = 6,173 participants) available through January 2006 were included in this review. Interventions successfully reduced the odds of unprotected sex and number of sex partners, increased the odds of condom use, and decreased the odds of acquiring new STD infections.

Prostaglandin E2 activates EP2 receptors to inhibit human lung mast cell degranulation.

The prostanoid, PGE2, is known to inhibit human lung mast cell activity. The aim of the present study was to characterize the EP receptor that mediates this effect. PGE2 (pEC(50), 5.

Mast cell beta2-adrenoceptors.

The human lung mast cell is a crucial effector cell in the mediation of asthma. Activation of mast cells by allergens, and other insults, leads to the elaboration of a wide variety of autacoids that cause bronchoconstriction and promote inflammation. Of the drugs that are used to treat asthma, only bronchodilator beta2-adrenoceptor agonists are effective at inhibiting the elaboration of mediators from mast cells.