General and anxiety-linked influences of acute serotonin reuptake inhibition on neural responses associated with attended visceral sensation.

Ordinary sensations from inside the body are important causes and consequences of our affective states and behaviour, yet the roles of neurotransmitters in interoceptive processing have been unclear. With a within-subjects design, this experiment tested the impacts of acute increases of endogenous extracellular serotonin on the neural processing of attended internal sensations and the links of these effects to anxiety using a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) (20 mg CITALOPRAM) and a PLACEBO. Twenty-one healthy volunteers (fourteen female, mean age 23.

Tonic and phasic transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS) both evoke rapid and transient pupil dilation.

Background: Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (tVNS or taVNS) is a non-invasive method of electrical stimulation of the afferent pathway of the vagus nerve, suggested to drive changes in putative physiological markers of noradrenergic activity, including pupil dilation.

Objective: However, it is unknown whether different taVNS modes can map onto the phasic and tonic modes of noradrenergic activity. The effects of taVNS on pupil dilation in humans are inconsistent, largely due to differences in stimulation protocols.

Stimulus awareness is necessary for both instrumental learning and instrumental responding to previously learned stimuli.

Instrumental conditioning is a crucial part of adaptive behaviour, allowing agents to selectively interact with stimuli in their environment. Recent evidence suggests that instrumental conditioning cannot proceed without stimulus awareness. However, whether accurate unconscious instrumental responding can emerge from consciously acquired knowledge of the stimulus-action-outcome contingencies is unknown.

Feasibility of unconscious instrumental conditioning: A registered replication.

The extent to which high-level, complex functions can proceed unconsciously has been a topic of considerable debate. While unconscious processing has been demonstrated for a range of low-level processes, from feature integration to simple forms of conditioning and learning, theoretical contributions suggest that increasing complexity requires conscious access. Here, we focus our attention on instrumental conditioning, which has been previously shown to proceed without stimulus awareness.

Awareness is required for autonomic performance monitoring in instrumental learning: Evidence from cardiac activity.

Performance monitoring is a vital aspect of successful learning and decision-making. Performance errors are reflected in the autonomic nervous system, indicating the need for behavioral adjustment. As part of this response, errors cause a pronounced deceleration in heart rate, compared to correct decisions, and precede explicit awareness of stimulus-response outcome contingencies.

Sensorimotor predictions shape reported conscious visual experience in a breaking continuous flash suppression task.

Accounts of predictive processing propose that conscious experience is influenced not only by passive predictions about the world, but also by predictions encompassing how the world changes in relation to our actions-that is, on predictions about sensorimotor contingencies. We tested whether valid sensorimotor predictions, in particular learned associations between stimuli and actions, shape reports about conscious visual experience. Two experiments used instrumental conditioning to build sensorimotor predictions linking different stimuli with distinct actions.

Vagus Nerve Stimulation as a Gateway to Interoception.

The last two decades have seen a growing interest in the study of interoception. Interoception can be understood as a hierarchical phenomenon, referring to the body-to-brain communication of internal signals, their sensing, encoding, and representation in the brain, influence on other cognitive and affective processes, and their conscious perception. Interoceptive signals have been notoriously challenging to manipulate in experimental settings.

Human and machine validation of 14 databases of dynamic facial expressions.

With a shift in interest toward dynamic expressions, numerous corpora of dynamic facial stimuli have been developed over the past two decades. The present research aimed to test existing sets of dynamic facial expressions (published between 2000 and 2015) in a cross-corpus validation effort. For this, 14 dynamic databases were selected that featured facial expressions of the basic six emotions (anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, surprise) in posed or spontaneous form.