Phylotranscriptomic Analyses Resolve Evolutionary History of (Triticeae; Poaceae).

Disentangling the phylogenetic relationship of polyploid species is essential for understanding how such polyploid species evolved following their origin. To investigate the speciation and evolutionary history of , we analyzed 36 transcriptomes from 9 polyploid accessions of and 27 diploid taxa representing 12 basic genomes in Triticeae. Phylogenetic reconstruction, divergence time, and introgression event demonstrated that (1) and shared a common ancestor; (2) has undergone ongoing evolutionary diversification since its origin in Late Miocene; (3) the diploid and were the genome donors of the tetraploid species of ; (4) both and contribute to the nonmonophyletic origin of tetraploid via introgression events.

Phylogeny and taxonomy of the polyploid species that contain St genome (Triticeae; Poaceae) based on four nuclear DNA and three chloroplast genes.

Background: The genus Pseudoroegneria (Nevski) Á.Löve contributes the St genome for more than 60% of perennial Triticeae species. However, the strong dominant character of the St genome makes it challenging to distinguish each species and/or even genus based on single or combined morphological traits.

Full-length transcriptome assembly and RNA-Seq integration of diploid and tetraploid ryegrass to investigate differences in cd uptake and accumulation among ryegrass with different ploidy levels.

Background: The accumulation of cadmium (Cd) in ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lamk.) as a widely used pasture plant poses a serious risk to food safety. This study aimed to investigate the differences in phenotypes, physiology, and expression of metal transporters between four ryegrass genotypes (diploid/tetraploid and Cd-tolerant/sensitive).

Rapid diversification of St-genome-sharing species in wheat grasses (Triticeae: Poaceae) accompanied by diversifying selection of chloroplast genes.

Background: The St-genome-sharing taxa are highly complex group of the species with the St nuclear genome and monophyletic origin in maternal lineages within the Triticeae, which contains more than half of polyploid species that distributed in a wide range of ecological habitats. While high level of genetic heterogeneity in plastome DNA due to a reticulate evolutionary event has been considered to link with the richness of the St-genome-sharing taxa, the relationship between the dynamics of diversification and molecular evolution is lack of understanding.

Results: Here, integrating 106 previously and 12 newly sequenced plastomes representing almost all previously recognized genomic types and genus of the Triticeae, this study applies phylogenetic reconstruction methods in combination with lineage diversification analyses, estimate of sequence evolution, and gene expression to investigate the dynamics of diversification in the tribe.

A novel major QTL underlying grain copper concentration in common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.).

Grain copper (Cu) concentrations represent a qualitative trait mainly controlled by genetic factors, which may differ between wheat varieties from the Sichuan Basin of China and other areas. However, the differences are poorly understood. Here, we investigated the grain Cu concentration in a remaining heterozygous line population derived from a multiparental recombinant inbred line.

Soil application of FeCl and Fe(SO) reduced grain cadmium concentration in Polish wheat (Triticum polonicum L.).

Background: Wheat is one of major sources of human cadmium (Cd) intake. Reducing the grain Cd concentrations in wheat is urgently required to ensure food security and human health. In this study, we performed a field experiment at Wenjiang experimental field of Sichuan Agricultural University (Chengdu, China) to reveal the effects of FeCl and Fe(SO) on reducing grain Cd concentrations in dwarf Polish wheat (Triticum polonicum L.

Development of wheat-tetraploid Thinopyrum elongatum 4EL small fragment translocation lines with stripe rust resistance gene Yr4EL.

Two small fragment translocation lines (T4DS·4DL-4EL and T5AS·5AL-4EL) showed high resistance to stripe rust and resistance gene Yr4EL was localized to an about 35 Mb region at the end of chr arm 4EL. Stripe rust, caused by the fungus Puccinia striiformis f. sp.

Introgression of tetraploid 6EL segments enhances the stripe rust resistance of adult wheat plants.

Unlabelled: Preventing the widespread occurrence of stripe rust in wheat largely depends on the identification of new stripe rust resistance genes and the breeding of cultivars with durable resistance. In previous study, we reported 6E of wheat-tetraploid 6E (6D) substitution line contains adult-stage stripe rust resistance genes. In this study, three novel wheat-tetraploid translocation lines were generated from the offspring of a cross between common wheat and the 6E (6D) substitution line.

Genetic factors of grain cadmium concentration in Polish wheat (Triticum polonicum L.).

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is one of the most important crops worldwide and a major source of human cadmium (Cd) intake. Limiting grain Cd concentration (Gr_Cd_Conc) in wheat is necessary to ensure food safety.

Transcriptome analysis of adipose tissue in grazing cattle: Identifying key regulators of fat metabolism.

The taste and tenderness of meat are the main determinants of carcass quality in many countries. This study aimed to discuss the mechanisms of intramuscular fat deposition in grazing and house-breeding cattle. We performed transcriptome analysis to characterize messenger RNA and microRNA (miRNA) expression profiles.

Genome-wide identification of bHLH transcription factors and expression analysis under drought stress in at germination.

Unlabelled: The basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor family is the second largest in plants. bHLH transcription factor is not only universally involved in plant growth and metabolism, including photomorphogenesis, light signal transduction, and secondary metabolism, but also plays an important role in plant response to stress. However, the function of bHLH TFs in species has not been studied yet.

Genome constitution and evolution of Elymus atratus (Poaceae: Triticeae) inferred from cytogenetic and phylogenetic analysis.

Background: Elymus atratus (Nevski) Hand.-Mazz. is perennial hexaploid wheatgrass.

: A new species in the Triticeae (Poaceae) from the Hengduan Mountain region.

sp. nov. (Triticeae) is a new species collected from Shangri-la of Yunnan Province in China based on morphological, cytological, and molecular data.

A chromosome level genome assembly of Pseudoroegneria Libanotica reveals a key Kcs gene involves in the cuticular wax elongation for drought resistance.

Background: The genus Pseudoroegneria (Nevski) Löve (Triticeae, Poaceae), whose genome symbol was designed as "St", accounts for more than 60% of perennial Triticeae species. The diploid species Psudoroegneria libanotica (2n = 14) contains the most ancient St genome, exhibited strong drought resistance, and was morphologically covered by cuticular wax on the aerial part. Therefore, the St-genome sequencing data could provide fundamental information for studies of genome evolution and reveal its mechanisms of cuticular wax and drought resistance.

Cytogenetic and Genomic Characterization of a Novel Wheat-Tetraploid 1BS⋅1EL Translocation Line with Stripe Rust Resistance.

Stripe rust, caused by f. sp. , is a destructive wheat disease pathogen.

Development, identification, and utilization of wheat-tetraploid Thinopyrum elongatum 4EL translocation lines resistant to stripe rust.

The new stripe rust resistance gene Yr4EL in tetraploid Th. elongatum was identified and transferred into common wheat via 4EL translocation lines. Tetraploid Thinopyrum elongatum is a valuable genetic resource for improving the resistance of wheat to diseases such as stripe rust, powdery mildew, and Fusarium head blight.

Integrated Transcriptome Analysis of miRNAs and mRNAs in the Skeletal Muscle of Wuranke Sheep.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are regarded as important regulators in skeletal muscle development. To reveal the regulatory roles of miRNAs and their target mRNAs underlying the skeletal muscle development of , we investigated the miRNA and mRNA expression profiles in the biceps femoris of these sheep at the fetal (3 months of gestation) and 3- and 15-month-old postnatal stages. Consequently, a total of 1195 miRNAs and 24,959 genes were identified.

Chromosome-specific painting in Thinopyrum species using bulked oligonucleotides.

Chromosome-specific painting probes were developed to identify the individual chromosomes from 1 to 7E in Thinopyrum species and detect alien genetic material of the E genome in a wheat background. The E genome of Thinopyrum is closely related to the ABD genome of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and harbors genes conferring beneficial traits to wheat, including high yield, disease resistance, and unique end-use quality.

Development and Characterization of a Novel Wheat-Tetraploid 6E (6D) Disomic Substitution Line with Stripe Rust Resistance at the Adult Stage.

Stripe rust, which is caused by f. sp. , is one of the most devastating foliar diseases of common wheat worldwide.

Genome-Wide Association Study of Asian and European Common Wheat Accessions for Yield-Related Traits and Stripe Rust Resistance.

Identifying novel loci of yield-related traits and resistance to stripe rust (caused by f. sp. ) in wheat will help in breeding wheat that can meet projected demands in diverse environmental and agricultural practices.

RNA-seq analysis revealed considerable genetic diversity and enabled the development of specific KASP markers for .

, which grows exclusively in Huashan, China, is an important wild relative of common wheat that has many desirable traits relevant for wheat breeding. However, the poorly characterized interspecific phylogeny and genomic variations and the relative lack of species-specific molecular markers have limited the utility of as a genetic resource for enhancing wheat germplasm. In this study, we sequenced the transcriptome, resulting in 50,337,570 clean reads that were assembled into 65,617 unigenes, of which 38,428 (58.