Computer-assisted evaluation of retinal vessel tortuosity in children with sickle cell disease without retinopathy.

Objective: We assessed the predictive efficacy of automatically quantified retinal vascular tortuosity from the fundus pictures of patients with sickle cell disease (SCD) without evident retinopathy.

Methods: Retinal images were obtained from 31 healthy and 31 SCD participants using fundus imaging and analyzed using a novel computational automated metric assessment. The local and global vessel tortuosity and their relationship with systemic disease parameters were analyzed based on the images.

Optical coherence tomography angiography evaluation of retinal and optic disc alterations in children with type 1 diabetes without retinopathy.

Purpose: To determine the earliest characteristics of retinal and optic disc alterations in diabetic children without diabetic retinopathy (DR) changes by using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA).

Settings And Design: This was a prospective, non-interventional case-control study that involved 25 patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) without clinical signs of DR and a demographically similar group of 25 healthy children as the control.

Methods: The retina and optic disc were examined using OCTA.

Optic disc characteristics on digital fundus photographs in Saudi children.

Objectives: To assess the optic disc parameters in healthy Saudi children.

Methods: This study recruited 85 children who were medically free, born full-term, cooperative, and aged 3-17 years. The children underwent a thorough ophthalmological examination (visual acuity, refraction post-cycloplegia, fundus photography) at the ophthalmology clinic of King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Jeddah.

Normative optical coherence tomography reference ranges of the optic nerve head, nerve fiber layer, and macula in healthy Saudi children.

Objectives: To use the Cirrus high-definition (HD)-OCT to establish normative data for the macula and optic disc in healthy Saudi children and to examine the effect of age and gender on these parameters.

Methods: This retrospective study was carried out at King Abdulaziz University Hospital (KAUH), Saudi Arabia from November 2022 to April 2023. The study involved 135 full-term and healthy Saudi children aged 4-18 years who were evaluated at the KAUH ophthalmology clinic.

Adherence to Follow-Up and the Related Factors of Paediatric Glaucoma at a Tertiary Care Centre in Western Saudi Arabia.

Introduction: Glaucoma is a main cause of blindness globally. In Saudi Arabia, congenital glaucoma is believed to affect 1 in every 2500 live births. In this study, we identified the adherence and evaluated the factors associated with non-compliance (non-adherence) to recommended follow-up appointments at King Abdulaziz University Hospital, a tertiary centre in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.

Jeddah Retinopathy of Prematurity (JED-ROP) Screening Algorithm.

The Jeddah retinopathy of prematurity (JED-ROP) algorithm, which is more specific to the population in Saudi Arabia, was established to decrease the number of infants screened without missing type 1 ROP cases. The data reviewed were birth weight (BW), gestational age (GA), weekly postnatal weight gain (PWG), and relevant perinatal risk factors. The sensitivities and specificities for detecting type 1 ROP were calculated.

Validation of three weight gain-based algorithms as a screening tool to detect retinopathy of prematurity: A multicenter study.

Purpose: Screening guidelines for retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) are updated frequently to help clinicians identify infants at risk of type 1 ROP. This study aims to evaluate the accuracy of three different predictive algorithms-WINROP, ROPScore, and CO-ROP-in detecting ROP in preterm infants in a developing country.

Methods: This retrospective study was conducted on 386 preterm infants from two centers between 2015 and 2021.

Ocular manifestations of children with atopic dermatitis in Saudi Arabia.

Aim: To examine the incidence of ocular abnormalities in children with atopic dermatitis (AD) in Saudi Arabia and its association with the severity of AD.

Methods: This is a cross-sectional study on 50 children with AD who were between 5 and 16 years of age. The severity of AD was evaluated using the SCORing Atopic Dermatitis (SCORAD) index.

Pediatric optic nerve and globe measurements on magnetic resonance imaging: establishing norms for children.

Background: Normal optic nerve diameter (OND) and optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD) may be beneficial for describing optic nerve pathway abnormality reflecting increased intracranial pressure. Nonetheless, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) measurement of the normal ONSD range and its associations with clinical factors and eyeball transverse diameter (ETD) are not well established in children.

Purpose: To establish normal OND, ONSD, ETD, and OND/ONSD and ONSD/ETD measurements in children and their associations with age and sex.

YouTube as a source of information for retinopathy of prematurity in the Arabic language.

Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is a leading cause of blindness in infants thus it is important to raise awareness about this disease. As online platforms are a popular source of medical information; the purpose of this study is to evaluate the credibility of the content of YouTube videos on ROP in the Arabic language. The first 40 relevant videos were included and were independently reviewed by two ophthalmologists employing six assessment tools: reliability, accuracy, quality, comprehensiveness, overall viewer experience, and usefulness.

Computer-assisted evaluation of retinal vessel tortuosity in moderate-to-late preterm children.

Purpose: Since very preterm children often have increased retinal tortuosity that may indicate decisive architectural changes in the systemic microvascular network, we used a new semi-automatic software to measure retinal vessel tortuosity on fundus digital images of moderate-to-late preterm (MLP) children.

Methods: In this observational case-control study, the global and local tortuosity parameters of retinal vessels were evaluated on fundus photographs of 36 MLP children and 36 age- and sex-matched controls. The associations between birth parameters and parameters reflecting retinal vessel tortuosity were evaluated using correlation analysis.

"Smart Optometry" phone-based application as a visual acuity testing tool among pediatric population.

Objectives: To evaluate the validity of a smartphone-based application for visual acuity (VA) testing in children and to compare parent and clinician-performed VA to standard VA assessment.

Methods: A cohort of 100 children aged <18 years old was recruited. Subjects were randomly assigned to either start with conventional distance VA chart screening or the smartphone VA assessment twice by both the clinician and the caregiver if applicable.

Myopia control with soft multifocal contact lenses: 18-month follow-up.

Purpose: The study aimed to establish the outcome of multifocal contact lenses (MFCL) (Multistage + 1.50D and Proclear + 3.00D) on myopia progression and axial length elongation over an 18-month period.

Evaluation of the Effect of Blood Transfusion on Retinopathy of Prematurity at a Tertiary Care Center in Western Saudi Arabia.

Introduction We aim to study if there is an association between blood transfusions and the development and severity of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). We also aim to explore the association with other clinical outcomes. Methods A cohort of 291 infants admitted to our neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) was retrospectively analyzed.

Retinopathy of prematurity in Saudi Arabia: Exploring maternal risk factors.

Purpose: Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is a preventable blinding disorder affecting preterm infants. To date, maternal risk factors have not been studied in Saudi Arabia. This study aims to identify possible maternal risk factors for any stage and type 1 ROP.

Pediatric spectacle prescription: Understanding practice patterns among ophthalmologists and optometrists in Saudi Arabia.

Purpose: This study aims to understand the approach to prescribing spectacles for children and the interpretation of refractive errors among ophthalmologists/optometrists in Saudi Arabia.

Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted between September and November 2018 using a database of online registrants for ophthalmologists and optometrists practicing in Saudi Arabia. The survey included 10 multiple-choice questions designed to elicit information about how ophthalmologists and optometrists deal with commonly encountered case scenarios covering different practical aspects of pediatric refraction.

Evaluation of the PlusoptiX photoscreener in the examination of children with intellectual disabilities.

Purpose: This study aimed to determine whether the plusoptiX vision screener (PVS) can be used to detect amblyogenic risk factors (ARFs) as defined by the American Association for Paediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus Vision Screening Committee guidelines (2013) for automated vision screening devices.

Methods: In this cross-sectional study, children attending a special needs school underwent screening with the PVS and complete ophthalmologic examinations. Ophthalmologic examinations were used as the gold standard to compute the prevalence, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), and testability.

Saudi Children's Perception of Strabismus: A Hospital-Based Study.

Purpose: Children with strabismus may face difficulties interacting with their peers in elementary school. This study investigates the psychosocial effect of different types of strabismus on Saudi children's selection of a playmate.

Methods: Photographs of orthotropic children were digitally modified to simulate various magnitudes of strabismus.

Surgical Outcomes in Children With Primary Congenital Glaucoma: An Eight-Year Experience.

Background Primary congenital glaucoma (PCG) is a congenital anomaly arising from an unusual development of the filtration angle, causing a remarkable rise in intraocular pressure (IOP) that is irrelevant to other ocular or systemic deformities. Purpose The aim of the current study was to evaluate the surgical outcome in PCG patients between 2011 and February 2019. Methods This was a retrospective study of PCG patients who underwent trabeculotomy, trabeculectomy, deep sclerectomy, Ahmed valve, and/or cyclophotocoagulation (CPC) at a tertiary hospital.

Prediction of retinopathy of prematurity using the screening algorithm WINROP in a Saudi cohort of preterm infants.

To validate the web weight gain-based WINROP (weight, insulin-like growth factor I, neonatal, retinopathy of prematurity [ROP]) algorithm retrospectively to identify type 1 ROP in a Saudi cohort of premature infants.  Methods: The records of preterm infants (greater than 23 and less than 32 weeks gestation) born between August 2013 and October 2018, were reviewed. Birth weight, gestational age, and weekly weight measurements of the premature infants were entered online.

Ocular findings and growth in 5-year-old preterm children born to mothers with preeclampsia.

Purpose: To evaluate growth, blood pressure and ophthalmological status in preschool children born preterm to mothers with preeclampsia.

Methods: In a prospective cohort study, 78 children (34 girls) born preterm without retinopathy of prematurity were examined regarding length/height, weight, head circumference and insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) at birth and at 5 years of age. At 5 years, IGF-binding protein 3 and blood pressure were also measured.

Screening premature infants for retinopathy of prematurity in a tertiary hospital in Saudi Arabia.

Background: Early detection of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) in preterm infants is critical, especially with advancements in neonatal care and improved survival rates. However, a balance should be found between not missing any ROP requiring treatment and minimizing workload, saving resources, and reducing unnecessary examinations to fragile neonates.

Objective: Ascertain whether our current inclusion criteria in screening ROP could be modified to ≤1250 g (while keeping the gestational age at ≤30 6/7 weeks) to reduce the number of screened babies without missing any type I ROP requiring treatment.

Rhino-orbito-cerebral mucormycosis following penetrating keratoplasty.

Rhino-orbito-cerebral mucormycosis (ROCM) is a potentially devastating fungal infection with a significant fatality rate. Early diagnosis and prompt management are crucial to ensure a favorable outcome due to the recognized rapid progression. This case is a rare presentation of ROCM in a patient with uncontrolled diabetes following a corneal transplant.