A Programmable CMOS DEP Chip for Cell Manipulation.

This work presents a programmable CMOS DEP chip that allows real-time control over the spatial distribution of DEP force, enabling controlled cell movement on the chip surface, from single-cell manipulation to multi-cell patterning. Implemented on a standard 0.18 μm CMOS process without post-processing, the chip features a 128 × 128 array of individually controllable 10 μm microelectrodes with 0.