-Enriched Eicosatrienoic Acid Regulates Glucose Homeostasis by Promoting GLP-1 Secretion to Protect Intestinal Barrier Integrity.

is a well-known probiotic with beneficial effects, such as anti-insulin resistance, anti-inflammatory, and improvement of the intestinal barrier. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we found that gavage of improved the intestinal barrier and glucose homeostasis in HFD-fed mice.

Eicosatrienoic acid enhances the quality of in vitro matured porcine oocytes by reducing PRKN-mediated ubiquitination of CISD2.

Oocytes and early embryos are exposed to many uncontrollable factors that trigger endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress during in vitro culture. Prevention of ER stress is an effective way to improve the oocyte maturation rate and oocyte quality. Increasing evidence suggests that dietary intake of sufficient n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) is associated with health benefits, particularly in the domain of female reproductive health.

Eicosatrienoic acid inhibits estradiol synthesis through the CD36/FOXO1/CYP19A1 signaling pathway to improve PCOS in mice.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common metabolic and endocrine disorder characterized by abnormal elevation in hormone levels, with currently lacking effective treatment options. N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) have broad pharmacological activity and play a beneficial role in the development of PCOS. In this study, we observed that n-3 PUFA-eicosatrienoic acid (ETA) improves the estrous cycle and ovarian morphology in dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)-induced PCOS mice, particularly serum hormone levels.

MCT1-mediated transport of valeric acid promotes porcine preimplantation embryo development by improving mitochondrial function and inhibiting the autophagic AMPK-ULK1 pathway.

Oocytes and embryos are highly sensitive to environmental stress in vivo and in vitro. During in vitro culture, many stressful conditions can affect embryo quality and viability, leading to adverse clinical outcomes such as abortion and congenital abnormalities. In this study, we found that valeric acid (VA) increased the mitochondrial membrane potential and ATP content, decreased the level of reactive oxygen species that the mitochondria generate, and thus improved mitochondrial function during early embryonic development in pigs.

Ginsenoside F2-Mediated Intestinal Microbiota and Its Metabolite Propionic Acid Positively Impact the Gut-Skin Axis in Atopic Dermatitis Mice.

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a complex inflammatory skin disease induced by multiple factors. AD can also cause intestinal inflammation and disorders of the gut microbiota. Ginseng is a kind of edible and medicinal plant; its main active components are ginsenosides.

Ginsenoside Rg1 activates brown adipose tissue to counteract obesity in high-fat diet-fed mice by regulating gut microbes and bile acid composition.

Obesity is a global health problem strongly linked to gut microbes and their metabolites. In this study, ginsenoside Rg1 (Rg1) reduced lipid droplet size and hepatic lipid accumulation by activating uncoupling protein 1 expression in brown adipose tissue (BAT), which in turn inhibited high-fat diet (HFD)-induced weight gain in mice. Furthermore, the intestinal flora of mice was altered, the abundance of , , , and was upregulated, and the concentrations of fecal bile acids were altered, with cholic acid and taurocholic acid concentrations being significantly increased.

Fecal transplant from myostatin deletion pigs positively impacts the gut-muscle axis.

The host genome may influence the composition of the intestinal microbiota, and the intestinal microbiota has a significant effect on muscle growth and development. In this study, we found that the deletion of the myostatin () gene positively regulates the expression of the intestinal tight junction-related genes and through the myosin light-chain kinase/myosin light chain pathway. The intestinal structure of pigs differed from wild-type, including by the presence of a thicker muscularis and longer plicae.

The ginsenoside Rh2 protects porcine oocytes against aging and oxidative stress by regulating SIRT1 expression and mitochondrial activity.

Post-ovulatory aging, a major problem faced by oocytes cultured in vitro, causes oxidative damage and mitochondrial dysfunction in oocytes. The ginsenoside Rh2 is one of the main monomeric components of ginseng, but its effects on porcine oocytes are unknown. In the present study, in vitro aging (IVA) and accelerated induction of aging using HO resulted in DNA damage and an increased incidence of abnormal spindle formation in porcine oocytes.

Dynamic changes in intestinal microbiota and metabolite composition of pre-weaned beef calves.

Gut microbes and their metabolites are essential for maintaining host health and production. The intestinal microflora of pre-weaned calves gradually tends to mature with growth and development and has high plasticity, but few studies have explored the dynamic changes of intestinal microbiota and metabolites in pre-weaned beef calves. In this study, we tracked the dynamics of faecal microbiota in 13 new-born calves by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and analysed changes in faecal amino acid levels using metabolomics.

Blume extract improves high-fat diet-induced type 2 diabetes by regulating gut microbiota and bile acid profile.

In this study, we aimed to characterize the anti-type 2 diabetes (T2D) effects of Blume extract (GEBE) and determine whether these are mediated through modification of the gut microbiota and bile acids. Mice were fed a high-fat diet (HFD), with or without GEBE, and we found that GEBE significantly ameliorated the HFD-induced hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, and inflammation by upregulating glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) and inhibiting the toll-like receptor 4-nuclear factor kappa-B signaling pathway in white adipose tissue (WAT). In addition, we found that GEBE increased the abundance of and , and altered the serum bile acid concentrations, with a significant increase in deoxycholic acid.

miR-455-3p Is Negatively Regulated by in Skeletal Muscle and Promotes Myoblast Differentiation.

Myostatin (MSTN) is a growth and differentiation factor that regulates proliferation and differentiation of myoblasts, which in turn controls skeletal muscle growth. It may regulate myoblast differentiation by influencing miRNA expression, and the present study aimed to clarify its precise mechanism of action. Here, we found that pigs showed an overgrowth of skeletal muscle and upregulated miR-455-3p level.

Brown adipose tissue activation with ginsenoside compound K ameliorates polycystic ovary syndrome.

Background And Purpose: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common metabolic and endocrine disease affecting women of reproductive age. Due to its complex aetiology, there is no currently effective cure for PCOS. Brown adipose tissue (BAT) activity is significantly decreased in PCOS patients, and BAT activation has beneficial effects in animal models of PCOS.

miR-320 regulates myogenesis by targeting growth factor receptor-bound protein-2 and ameliorates myotubes atrophy.

Loss of muscle mass can lead to diseases such as sarcopenia, diabetes, and obesity, which can worsen the quality of life and increase the incidence of disease. Therefore, understanding the mechanism underlying skeletal muscle differentiation is vital to prevent muscle diseases. We previously found that microRNA-320 (miR-320) is highly expressed in the lean muscle-type pigs, but its regulatory role in myogenesis remains unclear.

Ginsenoside metabolite 20(S)-protopanaxatriol from Panax ginseng attenuates inflammation-mediated NLRP3 inflammasome activation.

Ethnopharmacological Relevance: Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer (Araliaceae), has been used in traditional medicine for preventive and therapeutic purposes in Asian countries.

Myristoleic acid produced by enterococci reduces obesity through brown adipose tissue activation.

Objective: Dietary fibre has beneficial effects on energy metabolism, and the majority of studies have focused on short-chain fatty acids produced by gut microbiota. Ginseng has been reported to aid in body weight management, however, its mechanism of action is not yet clear. In this study, we focused on the potential modulating effect of ginseng on gut microbiota, aiming to identify specific strains and their metabolites, especially long-chain fatty acids (LCFA), which mediate the anti-obesity effects of ginseng.

Purification and Characterization of Pasteuricin Produced by Staphylococcus pasteuri RSP-1 and Active against Multidrug-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus.

Staphylococcus aureus is an important pathogen implicated in various diseases, including staphylococcal food poisoning. Bacteriocins are considered safe and effective antimicrobial substances for the prevention of the growth of pathogenic bacteria. In this article, we describe the purification and characterization of pasteuricin, a novel bacteriocin produced by Staphylococcus pasteuri RSP-1.

Anti-inflammatory action of Athyrium multidentatum extract suppresses the LPS-induced TLR4 signaling pathway.

Ethnopharmacological Relevance: The aerial part of Athyrium multidentatum (Doll.) Ching (AM) is widely used in the northeastern region of China as an edible wild herb, but its medicinal value, especially its anti-inflammatory effect, has not been fully explored.

Aim Of The Study: To investigate the anti-inflammatory activity of AM and clarify the anti-inflammatory mechanism involving the TLR4 signaling pathway using a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory model.

Biotransformation of extract by rat intestinal microflora: identification and quantification of metabolites using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.

Background: In general, after is administered orally, intestinal microbes play a crucial role in its degradation and metabolization process. Studies on the metabolism of by microflora are important for obtaining a better understanding of their biological effects.

Methods: biotransformation of extract by rat intestinal microflora was investigated at 37°C for 24 h, and the simultaneous determination of the metabolites and metabolic profile of saponins by rat intestinal microflora was achieved using LC-MS/MS.

Metabolite profiling of ginsenosides in rat plasma, urine and feces by LC-MS/MS and its application to a pharmacokinetic study after oral administration of Panax ginseng extract.

Panax ginseng is widely consumed as a functional food in the form of tea, powder, capsules, among others, and possesses a range of pharmacological activities including adaptogenic, immune-modulatory, anti-tumor, anti-aging and anti-inflammatory effects. The aim of this study was to identify and quantify the major ginsenosides and their metabolites in rat plasma, urine and feces after administration of P. ginseng extract using LC-MS/MS.

Comparative Analysis of the Rats' Gut Microbiota Composition in Animals with Different Ginsenosides Metabolizing Activity.

Following oral intake of Panax ginseng, major ginsenosides are metabolized to deglycosylated ginsenosides by gut microbiota before absorption into the blood. As the composition of gut microbiota varies between individuals, metabolic activities are significantly different. We selected 6 rats with low efficiency metabolism (LEM) and 6 rats with high efficiency metabolism (HEM) from 60 rats following oral administration of Panax ginseng extract, and analyzed their gut microbiota composition using Illumina HiSeq sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene.

Cloning and Characterization of Ginsenoside-Hydrolyzing β-Glucosidase from That Transforms Ginsenosides Rb1 and F2 into Ginsenoside Rd and Compound K.

The ginsenoside-hydrolyzing β-glucosidase gene (2) was cloned from . We expressed this gene in BL21(DE3), isolated the resulting protein, and then utilized the enzyme for the biotransformation of ginsenosides. The 2 gene contains 2,223 bp, and encodes a protein of 741 amino acids that is a member of glycosyl hydrolase family 3.

Phycicoccus ginsengisoli sp. nov., isolated from cultivated ginseng soil.

Ginseng-cultivated soil is an excellent habitat for soil-borne bacteria to proliferate. A novel strain, DCY87T, was isolated from ginseng-cultivated soil in Gochang County, Republic of Korea, and subsequently characterized by polyphasic approach. Cells were rod shaped, non-motile, aerobic, Gram-reaction-positive, oxidase-negative and catalase-positive.

Biotransformation of gypenoside XVII to compound K by a recombinant β-glucosidase.

Objective: To study the β-glucosidase gene (bgy1) from Lactobacillus brevis that was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) and then using it for the biotransformation of gypenoside XVII.

Results: The bgy1 gene consists of 2283 bp encoding 761 amino acids, with homology to the glycosyl hydrolase family-3 protein domain. The enzyme (Bgy1) hydrolyzed the glucose moieties at the C-3 position and the outer glucose moieties at the C-20 position of gypenoside XVII.

Enzymatic Transformation of Ginsenoside Rb1 by Lactobacillus pentosus Strain 6105 from Kimchi.

Ginsenoside (ginseng saponin), the principal component of ginseng, is responsible for the pharmacological and biological activities of ginseng. We isolated lactic acid bacteria from Kimchi using esculin agar, to produce β-glucosidase. We focused on the bio-transformation of ginsenoside.

Isolation and characterization of novel ginsenoside-hydrolyzing glycosidase from Microbacterium esteraromaticum that transforms ginsenoside Rb2 to rare ginsenoside 20(S)-Rg3.

Ginsenoside Rb2 was transformed by recombinant glycosidase (Bgp2) into ginsenosides Rd and 20(S)-Rg3. The bgp2 gene consists of 2,430 bp that encode 809 amino acids, and this gene has homology to the glycosyl hydrolase family 2 protein domain. SDS-PAGE was used to determine that the molecular mass of purified Bgp2 was 87 kDa.