Evaluation of different PK/PD ratios of three enrofloxacin preparations on the clinical response of pneumonic calves.

Importance: Enrofloxacin preparations are available for administration daily or every 3 days. This study presents clinical evidence to define which preparation is adequate to treat clinical cases of bovine respiratory disease (BRD) in calves.

Objective: To correlate the pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics (PK/PD) ratios of three pharmaceutical preparations of enrofloxacin with their clinical efficacy in treating BRD.

Intramammary preparation of enrofloxacin hydrochloride-dihydrate for bovine mastitis (biofilm-forming .

Background: Chronic bovine mastitis is linked to biofilm-producing (bp-Sa) or coagulase-negative (bp-Scn).

Objectives: Bp-Sa and bp-Scn were treated with intramammary preparations of either enrofloxacin HCl·2HO-dimethyl-sulfoxide-chitosan (enro-C/DMSO/chitosan) or enro-C alone. Their potential to inhibit and degrade biofilm formation was also assessed.

Pharmacokinetics of doxycycline hyclate in pigs with a new feed premix formulation.

This study aimed to evaluate the administration of doxycycline hyclate in a long-acting pharmaceutical preparation in pigs when administered either ad libitum as a feed medication or an oral bolus dose. In all instances, the studied dose was 20 mg/kg b.w.

Pharmaceutical Design of a Formulation of Enrofloxacin-Alginate and its Strategic Dosage to Achieve Mutant Prevention PK/PD Ratios in Broiler Chickens.

Introduction: The comparative pharmacokinetics (PK) and PK/pharmacodynamics (PD) ratios of a new pharmaceutical design of enrofloxacin-alginate in dried beads (EADBs) and the reference enrofloxacin 10% solution was determined in broiler chickens. Also, the same parameters were determined after administering enrofloxacin with a double dosing scheme (through drinking water and as an in-feed medication of EADBs). 500 Arbor-Acres broiler chickens were randomly divided into five groups (n=100), adjusting in all cases, a dose of 10 mg/kg based on water and feed intake as follows: group EADBs receiving enrofloxacin through EADBs added to their feed as dressing; group EADBs forcing the beads into the proventriculus using a semi-rigid gavage; group Enroad-lib dosed through their drinking water; group Enro also administered into the proventriculus by gavage; group Enro administering 5 mg/kg as EADBs in their feed, plus 5 mg/kg of enrofloxacin through their drinking water.

Oral pharmacokinetics of a pharmaceutical preparation of florfenicol in broiler chickens.

Introduction: The use of florfenicol must follow particular pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) ratios, i.e., it requires achieving serum concentrations at or slightly above the pathogen's minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) during the dosing interval and that the ratio of area under the concentration vs.

Successful treatment of recurrent subclinical mastitis in cows caused by enrofloxacin resistant bacteria by means of the sequential intramammary infusion of enrofloxacin HCl-2HO and ceftiofur HCl: a clinical trial.

Background: Recurrent subclinical mastitis (RScM) due to resistant bacteria has low clinical and bacteriological cure rates, often requiring the culling of cows. The sequential intra-mammary administration of enrofloxacin hydrochloride-dihydrate (enro-C) followed by ceftiofur HCl may be useful for treating these cases.

Objectives: This study assessed the bacteriological and clinical cure-efficacies of the sequentially intramammary administration of enro-C, followed by ceftiofur HCl to treat RScM in Holstein/Friesian cows.

Evaluation of a Tasteless Enrofloxacin Pharmaceutical Preparation for Cats. Naive Pooled-Sample Approach to Study Its Pharmacokinetics.

Available pharmaceutical preparations of enrofloxacin injected SC or IM to cats are likely to cause adverse tissue reactions in the injection sites (pH of the drug preparations is ≥10.4). Tablets often induce abundant ptyalism and vomiting, casting doubt on the efficacy of the drug administration maneuver.

Comparative bioavailability of enrofloxacin in dogs when concealed in noncommercial morsels, either as tablet or as enrofloxacin-alginate dried beads.

Administration of enrofloxacin tablets concealed in improvised morsels to elude the unpleasant flavor of this drug is likely to diminish maximum plasma concentrations (C ) reached by this drug, jeopardizing treatment efficacy. To avoid this, the hypothesis that alginate dried beads containing enrofloxacin (ADBE) could modify the pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin in dogs was tested. ADBE were manufactured and pharmaceutically defined as having high entrapment efficiency (>90%) and a drug loading capacity of 56%-67%.

Higher Bioavailability of Calcium in Chickens With a Novel In-Feed Pharmaceutical Formulation.

Egg production and egg shell quality decrease toward the end of the first laying cycle in hens (approximately by week 80). Even so, farmers often choose to work a second cycle with them. Defective egg shell production has been mainly linked to a decrease in gastrointestinal absorption of calcium.

Oral Plus Topical Administration of Enrofloxacin-Hydrochloride-Dihydrate for the Treatment of Unresponsive Canine Pyoderma. A Clinical Trial.

An outpatient clinical trial on unresponsive deep-bacterial canine pyoderma (UDCP), without a control group, is presented. The chosen treatment was implemented with a new crystal-solvate of enrofloxacin (enrofloxacin HCl-2HO or enro-C), in a dual scheme, i.e.

Outpatient Clinical Trial in Dogs With Leptospirosis Treated With Enrofloxacin Hydrochloride-Dihydrate (ENRO-C).

Pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin HCl-2HO (enro-C) in dogs and Monte-Carlo simulations against spp. prompted a clinical study to treat the clinically apparent phase of this disease. Leptospirosis was diagnosed by real-time PCR from blood, micro-agglutination titers (MAT), clinical signs and blood parameters of the liver and kidney.

Pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin HCl-2H O (ENRO-C), PK/PD, and Monte Carlo modeling vs. Leptospira spp. in cows.

The pharmacokinetics, PK/PD ratios, and Monte Carlo modeling of enrofloxacin HCl-2H O (Enro-C) and its reference preparation (Enro-R) were determined in cows. Fifty-four Jersey cows were randomly assigned to six groups receiving a single IM dose of 10, 15, or 20 mg/kg of Enro-C (Enro-C , Enro-C , Enro-C ) or Enro-R. Serial serum samples were collected and enrofloxacin concentrations quantified.

Pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin HCl-2HO (Enro-C) in dogs and pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic Monte Carlo simulations against spp.

Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) ratios of reference enrofloxacin (Enro-R) and enrofloxacin as HCl-2HO (Enro-C), as well as Monte Carlo simulations based on composite MIC and MIC (MIC, minimum inhibitory concentration) spp., were carried out in dogs after their intramuscular (IM) or oral administration (10 mg/kg). Plasma determination of enrofloxacin was achieved by means of high-performance liquid chromatography.

Development of an Aqueous Ophthalmic Solution with an Enhanced-Solubility Enrofloxacin Crystal, and its Clinical Evaluation in Dogs.

Background: The concern about the frequent use of ciprofloxacin in veterinary medicine is linked to increased antimicrobial resistance. The corresponding fluoroquinolone for veterinary use is enrofloxacin. A new solvate form of enrofloxacin, as dihydrate-hydrochloride (enro-C) with higher water solubility than the parent compound, was formulated as an ophthalmic solution (pH 5).

Efficacy of a New Recrystallized Enrofloxacin Hydrochloride-Dihydrate against Leptospirosis in a Hamster Model.

A trial on Syrian hamsters () infected with serovar was established to compare treatment efficacies of daily intramuscular (i.m.) injections of either 10 mg/kg of 5% enrofloxacin (Baytril [BE]; Bayer Animal Health, Mexico) or the same dose of enrofloxacin hydrochloride-dihydrate (enro-C).

Higher bioavailability of doxycycline in broiler chickens with a novel in-feed pharmaceutical formulation.

Bioavailability of a new, long-acting (LA) pharmaceutical preparation for administering doxycycline as in-feed medication to broiler chickens was compared to the standard in-feed administration of doxycycline. A commercial poultry house harboring Ross-308 broiler chickens, weighing 450 g, was divided into 7 sections as follows: doxy-FOLA group (n = 6,000 chickens divided into 3 replicates) medicated with 10% doxycyline, long-acting pellets at a dose of 400 g of doxycycline HCl/ton of food, resulting in a calculated dose of 48 mg/kg for 5 d; doxy-ref group (n = 6,000, divided into 3 replicates) medicated as for doxy-FOLA, but using a 20% commercial preparation of doxycycline. A third group of 300 broiler chickens (divided into 3 replicates), received a single IV dose of 48 mg/kg from a 2.

Efficacy of nitazoxanide to treat natural Giardia infections in dogs.

Background: Giardia parasites cause gastrointestinal disease in humans, dogs, and many other animals worldwide. The treatment of dogs for giardiasis requires further investigation to ascertain levels of drug efficacy and the possibility of adverse side effects. Nitazoxanide (NTZ) has shown good clinical anti-Giardia activity in humans, yet it has not been evaluated for the treatment of giardiasis in dogs.

Concentrations of tilmicosin in mammary gland secretions of dairy cows following subcutaneous administration of one or two doses of an experimental preparation of tilmicosin and its efficacy against intramammary infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus.

OBJECTIVE To determine the concentration of tilmicosin in mammary gland secretions of dairy cows following administration of an experimental preparation once or twice during the dry period (45-day period immediately prior to calving during which cows are not milked) and to evaluate its efficacy for the treatment of cows with intramammary infections (IMIs) caused by Staphylococcus aureus at dry off (cessation of milking; first day of dry period), compared with that of an intramammary infusion of ceftiofur. ANIMALS 172 cows. PROCEDURES Milk samples were collected for microbiological culture 5 days before dry off and at calving and 15 and 30 days after calving.

Rheological study of healthy chicken's pooled tracheobronchial secretions and its modification by mucolytics drugs.

The rheological properties of pooled tracheobronchial secretions (TBS) of chicken, including mucus, have not been characterized. Yet mucolytic drugs are frequently used in poultry medicine. To define such properties, TBS from healthy untreated and from chickens treated with various mucolytic drugs was studied.

Enrofloxacin hydro-chloride dihydrate.

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, C19H23FN3O3 (+)·Cl(-)·2H2O [systematic name: 4-(3-carb-oxy-1-cyclo-propyl-6-fluoro-4-oxo-1,4-di-hydro-quin-o-lin-7-yl)-1-ethyl-piperazin-1-ium chloride dihydrate], consists of two independent monocations of the protonated enrofloxacin, two chloride anions and four water mol-ecules. In the cations, the piperazinium rings adopt chair conformations and the dihedral angles between the cyclo-propyl ring and the 10-membered quinoline ring system are 56.55 (2) and 51.

Pharmacokinetics of a peroral single dose of two long-acting formulations and an aqueous formulation of doxycycline hyclate in horses.

Background: Doxycyline (Dox) is a semisynthetic antibacterial drug with pharmacological advantages over its parent drug (tetracycline) in the treatment of various bacterial diseases in horses. Yet, at present a horse-customized pharmaceutical formulation is not available. Based on its pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) ratio, Dox is considered a time-dependent antibacterial drug and ideally expected to achieve sustained plasma drug concentrations both at or slightly above the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) level for as long as possible between dosing intervals.

Pharmacokinetics of an injectable long-acting formulation of doxycycline hyclate in dogs.

Based on its PK/PD ratios, doxycycline hyclate (DOX-h), a time-dependant antibacterial, is ideally expected to achieve both sustained plasma drug concentrations at or slightly above the MIC level for as long as possible between dosing intervals. Pursuing this end, a poloxamer-based matrix was used to produce a long-acting injectable preparation (DOX-h-LA) and its serum concentrations vs. time profile investigated after its SC injection to dogs (≤ 0.

Clinical efficacy of neural therapy for the treatment of atopic dermatitis in dogs.

The aim of this trial was to assess the clinical efficacy of neural therapy (NT) when treating canine atopic dermatitis. Eighteen dogs (no control group), with at least a 12-month history of having nonseasonal atopic dermatitis, were included. No medication with either glucocorticoids or cyclosporin was allowed during the trial.

Pharmacokinetics of doxycycline and tissue concentrations of an experimental long-acting parenteral formulation of doxycycline in Wistar rats.

Doxycycline hyclate (CAS 24390-14-5, doxycycline-h), an antibacterial with time-dependent action, was formulated as a non-irritating long-acting parenteral formulation based on a beta-cyclodextrin: poloxamer-based matrix (doxycycline-h-LA). Tissue and serum concentrations vs time profile were investigated after its subcutaneous injection to Wistar rats. Serum concentration profiles and key pharmacokinetic (PK) variables of doxycycline-h-LA were compared to the corresponding profiles and PK values obtained with an aqueous formulation of doxycycline-h administered either intramuscularly, orally or intravenously to Wistar rats.

Pharmacokinetics after administration of an injectable experimental long-acting parenteral formulation of doxycycline hyclate in goats.

Objective: To determine the pharmacokinetics after SC administration of an experimental, long-acting parenteral formulation of doxycycline hyclate in a poloxamer-based matrix and after IV and IM administration of an aqueous formulation of doxycycline hyclate in goats.

Animals: 30 clinically normal adult goats.

Procedures: Goats were allocated to 3 groups (10 goats/group).