The vernalization-induced long non-coding RNA VAS functions with the transcription factor TaRF2b to promote TaVRN1 expression for flowering in hexaploid wheat.

Vernalization is a physiological process in which prolonged cold exposure establishes flowering competence in winter plants. In hexaploid wheat, TaVRN1 is a cold-induced key regulator that accelerates floral transition. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the gradual activation of TaVRN1 during the vernalization process remains unknown.

The Protein Modifications of -GlcNAcylation and Phosphorylation Mediate Vernalization Response for Flowering in Winter Wheat.

-GlcNAcylation and phosphorylation are two posttranslational modifications that antagonistically regulate protein function. However, the regulation of and the cross talk between these two protein modifications are poorly understood in plants. Here we investigated the role of -GlcNAcylation during vernalization, a process whereby prolonged cold exposure promotes flowering in winter wheat (), and analyzed the dynamic profile of -GlcNAcylated and phosphorylated proteins in response to vernalization.

-GlcNAc transferase SEC activates histone methyltransferase ATX1 to regulate flowering.

Post-translational modification of proteins by -linked β--acetylglucosamine (-GlcNAc) is catalyzed by -GlcNAc transferases (OGTs). -GlcNAc modification of proteins regulates multiple important biological processes in metazoans. However, whether protein -GlcNAcylation is involved in epigenetic processes during plant development is largely unknown.

JACALIN-LECTIN LIKE1 Regulates the Nuclear Accumulation of GLYCINE-RICH RNA-BINDING PROTEIN7, Influencing the RNA Processing of FLOWERING LOCUS C Antisense Transcripts and Flowering Time in Arabidopsis.

Lectins selectively recognize sugars or glycans for defense in living cells, but less is known about their roles in the development process and the functional network with other factors. Here, we show that Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) JACALIN-LECTIN LIKE1 (AtJAC1) functions in flowering time control. Loss of function of AtJAC1 leads to precocious flowering, whereas overexpression of AtJAC1 causes delayed flowering.

Smoking was associated with poor response to intravenous steroids therapy in Graves' ophthalmopathy.

Background: Previous studies have shown that smoking is closely related to the occurrence, severity and response to orbital radiation in Graves' ophthalmopathy (GO). The aim of this study was to investigate whether smoking impacts the response to intravenous 4.5 g methylprednisolone therapy in patients with active moderate-to-severe GO.

O-GlcNAc-mediated interaction between VER2 and TaGRP2 elicits TaVRN1 mRNA accumulation during vernalization in winter wheat.

Vernalization, sensing of prolonged cold, is important for seasonal flowering in eudicots and monocots. While vernalization silences a repressor (FLC, MADS-box transcription factor) in eudicots, it induces an activator (TaVRN1, an AP1 clade MADS-box transcription factor) in monocots. The mechanism for TaVRN1 induction during vernalization is not well understood.

Requirement of histone acetyltransferases HAM1 and HAM2 for epigenetic modification of FLC in regulating flowering in Arabidopsis.

Histone acetylation is an important posttranslational modification associated with gene activation. In Arabidopsis, two MYST histone acetyltransferases HAM1 and HAM2 work redundantly to acetylate histone H4 lysine 5 (H4K5ace) in vitro. The double mutant ham1/ham2 is lethal, which suggests the critical role of HAM1 and HAM2 in development.

Phosphorylation modification of wheat lectin VER2 is associated with vernalization-induced O-GlcNAc signaling and intracellular motility.

Background: O-linked beta-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification of proteins mediates stress response and cellular motility in animal cells. The plant lectin concanavalin A can increase nuclear O-GlcNAc levels and decrease cytoplasmic O-GlcNAc levels in T lymphocytes. However, the functions of O-GlcNAc signaling in plants, as well as the relation between plant lectins and O-GlcNAc in response to environmental stimuli are largely undefined.

Cloning and expression of a novel cDNA encoding a mannose-specific jacalin-related lectin from Oryza sativa.

Lectin plays an important role in defense signaling in plants. A few genes of this family have been cloned. Here we report on a mannose-specific jacalin-related lectin in rice.