Probucol will become a new model for treating cerebral infarction with a high risk of hemorrhage: A narrative review.

Lipid-lowering agents are relevant in stroke prevention. Probucol (PU) is an antioxidative and lipid-lowering drug that has been used to treat atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases and xanthomas. The drug penetrates the core of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) particles, enhancing the activity of plasma cholesterol l ester transfer protein (CETP) and strengthening the liver scavenger receptor type I, resulting in reducing LDL-C; by increasing the activity of paraoxonase 1, upregulating the antioxidant function of high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and it decreases the serum HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) level.

Withdrawn: Probucol will Become a New Model for Treating Cerebral Infarction with a High Risk of Hemorrhage.

Unlabelled: This article has been withdrawn due to a plagiarism complaint regarding significant overlap with a previously published article titled "Probucol will Become a New Model for Treating Cerebral Infarction with a High Risk of Hemorrhage: A Narrative Review," which appeared in Brain Circulation in 2023, Volume 9, Issue 4, DOI: 10.4103/bc.bc_44_23.

Uncoupling protein 2 modulates polarization and metabolism of human primary macrophages via glycolysis and the NF‑κB pathway.

Metabolic abnormalities, particularly the M1/M2 macrophage imbalance, play a critical role in the development of various diseases, leading to severe inflammatory responses. The present study aimed to investigate the role of uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2) in regulating macrophage polarization, glycolysis, metabolic reprogramming, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inflammation. Primary human macrophages were first polarized into M1 and M2 subtypes, and these two subtypes were infected by lentivirus-mediated UCP2 overexpression or knockdown, followed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, reverse transcription-quantitative PCR, western blotting and flow cytometry to analyze the effects of UCP2 on glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), ROS production and cytokine secretion, respectively.