Detections of internal substances and morphologies for label-free living cells are crucial for revealing malignant diseases. With the phase serving as a coupling of refractive index (RI) (marker for substances) and thickness (morphology), existing decoupling methods mainly rely on complex integrated systems or extensive optical field information. Developing simple and rapid decoupling methods remains a challenge.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFFerroptosis is a form of programmed cell death involved in various types of acute kidney injury (AKI). It is characterized by inactivation of the selenoprotein, glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4), and upregulation of acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family member 4 (ACSL4). Since urinary selenium binding protein 1 (SBP1/SELENBP1) is a potential biomarker for AKI, this study investigated whether SBP1 plays a role in AKI.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFSelective dehydrogenation reactions of tetrahydroisoquinoline derivatives through electrochemical oxidation are disclosed. In the presence of nitric acid, the selective partial dehydrogenation of tetrahydroisoquinolines to form 3,4-dihydroisoquinolines was achieved anodic oxidation. The results of CV (Cyclic Voltammograms) experiments and DFT calculations showed the 3,4-dihydroisoquinolines protonated by an external Brønsted acid to be less prone than their unprotonated counterparts to oxidation under electrochemical conditions, thus avoiding their further dehydrogenation.
View Article and Find Full Text PDF. Distinguishing malignant lymphocytes from normal ones is vital in pathological examination. We proposed an inverse light scattering (ILS) method for label-free suspended lymphocytes with complex fine structures to identify their volumes for pathological state.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFAn electrochemical deoxygenative homo-coupling of aromatic aldehydes is achieved to selectively access bibenzyl and stilbene derivatives. The protocol allows the homo-coupling of aldehydes to occur after single-electron-reduction at the cathode. Taking advantage of the oxophilicity of triphenylphosphine, the electrochemical deoxygenation proceeds smoothly to give reductive homo-coupling products.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFVibronic coupling is a critical mechanism in chemical reactions. However, its quantitative evaluation is challenging due to mathematical complexity and programming difficulty, and its experimental proof is often elusive due to overlap among neighboring states. Here, after exciting a vibrational level (ν = 0, 1, 2) of the intermediate N 1s→πg* core-excited state in N2 molecules, we separate the resonant Auger decay channels that lead to the lowest dissociation limit in the two-dimensional energy correlation maps.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFThe construction of diaryl alkanes from aromatic aldehydes or ketones with electron-deficient arenes is achieved in the presence of trivalent phosphine under electrochemical conditions. Reductive coupling between electron-deficient arenes and the carbonyl groups of aldehydes or ketones occurs at the cathode to yield diaryl alcohols. At the anode, the trivalent phosphine reagent may undergo single-electron oxidation to generate its radical cation, which reacts with the diaryl alcohols to form dehydroxylated products.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFSterically congested C-O and C-N bonds are ubiquitous in natural products, pharmaceuticals, and bioactive compounds. However, the development of a general method for the efficient construction of those sterically demanding covalent bonds still remains a formidable challenge. Herein, a photoredox-driven ring-opening C(sp)-heteroatom bond formation of arylcyclopropanes is presented, which enables the construction of structurally diversified while sterically congested dialkyl ether, alkyl ester, alcohol, amine, chloride/fluoride, azide and also thiocyanate derivatives.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFBackground: Liver hepatocellular carcinoma (LIHC) ranks sixth among the most common types of cancer with a high mortality rate. Cuproptosis is a newly discovered type of cell death in tumor, which is characterized by accumulation of intracellular copper leading to the aggregation of mitochondrial lipoproteins and destabilization of proteins. Thus, understanding the exact effects of cuproptosis-related genes in LIHC and determining their prognosticvalue is critical.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFNonactivated alcohols along with arene compounds are used in electrochemical dehydroxylative arylation for constructing C(sp)-C(sp) bonds. The P reagent undergoes single-electron anodic oxidation to form its radical cation, which reacts with the alcohol to produce an alkoxytriphenylphosphine radical. Through spontaneous β-scission of the phosphoranyl radical, the C-O bond is cleaved to form an alkyl radical species, which couples with the radical anion generated by cathodic reduction of the electron-poor arene to afford the dehydroxylative arylated product.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFHerein, N-selective β-thioalkylation of benzotriazoles with unactivated alkenes and styrenes is reported. The N-selective β-thioalkylation of benzotriazoles is highly stereospecific and works under simple and mild conditions, exhibiting excellent functional group tolerance. The high N-selectivity is a consequence of the combination of hydrogen bonding and Lewis acid/base activation, which reverses the N-position to be favored for alkylation.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFElectrochemical reduction paired electrolysis has been used to achieve deoxygenative reduction of ketones. As a result of the complexing of ketones with the triphenylphosphine radical cation generated by anodic oxidation, the reduction of carbonyl groups occurs readily. Through spontaneous β-scission of phosphoranyl radicals, C-O bonds are cleaved to form benzylic radical intermediates.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFDefect-rich hcp UiO-66-NO was synthesized mixed linker-induced crystal transformation from fcu UiO-66-NO/NH. The defect concentration and porosity of hcp UiO-66-NO can be fine-tuned by varying the BDC-NH/BDC-NO ratio, which in turn endowed hcp UiO-66-NO with superior catalytic performance in the ring-opening reaction of epoxides with alcohols.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFAn effective deoxygenative C(sp)-C(sp) bond formation reaction is achieved through electrochemical reduction of alcoholic phosphates or sulfonates with aldehydes or ketones. Alcohol derivatives of phosphates undergo single-electron reduction under electrochemical conditions followed by a spontaneous cleavage of the C-O bond with the exothermic loss of phosphate resulting in an alkyl radical species. Subsequently, radical intermediates are further reduced to carbanions at the cathode, which are in situ trapped by carbonyl compounds, thus accomplishing a deoxygenative Barbier-type reaction.
View Article and Find Full Text PDF-Difluorocyclopropane diester is disclosed as a new type of donor-acceptor cyclopropane, which smoothly participates in (3 + 2)-cycloadditions with various aldehydes and ketones. This work represents the first application of -difluorine substituents as an unconventional donor group for activating cyclopropane substrates in catalytic cycloaddition reactions. With this method, a wide variety of densely functionalized -difluorotetrahydrofuran skeletons, which are otherwise difficult to prepare, could be readily assembled in high yields under mild reaction conditions.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFFull-dose prednisone (FP) regimen in the treatment of high-risk immunoglobulin A nephropathy (IgAN) patients, is still controversial. The pulsed intravenous methylprednisolone combined with alternative low-dose prednisone (MCALP) might have a more favorable safety profile, which has not been fully investigated. Eighty-seven biopsy-proven IgAN adult patients and proteinuria between 1 and 3.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFPatients with diabetes are at an increased risk for acute kidney injury (AKI) after renal ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI). However, there is a lack preclinical models of IRI in established diabetes. The current study characterized renal IRI in mice with established diabetes and investigated potential therapies.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFHyperglycemia-induced oxidative stress in podocytes exerts a major role in the pathological process of diabetic nephropathy. Tripartite motif-containing protein 32 (TRIM32) has been reported to be a key protein in the modulation of cellular apoptosis and oxidative stress under various pathological processes. However, whether TRIM32 participates in the regulation of high glucose (HG)-induced injury in podocytes has not been investigated.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFBackground: Peritoneal fibrosis (PF) can reduce the efficiency of peritoneal dialysis and eventually lead to ultrafiltration failure. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of peritoneal mesothelial cells (PMCs) is the start of PF. Macrophages are involved in the process.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFAutophagy dysfunction is a hallmark of type 1 diabetes. However, the precise molecular mechanism of proteinuria-induced dysfunctional autophagy remains unclear. Herein, we investigated the role of programmed cell death 4 (PDCD4) in the regulation of autophagy in the pathogenesis of diabetic kidney disease (DKD) in vivo and in vitro.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFBackground: Minimal change disease (MCD) is one of the major causes of nephrotic syndrome (NS). A confirmed MCD diagnosis mainly depends on renal biopsy at present, which is an invasive procedure with many potential risks. The overall incidence of complications caused by renal biopsy procedures has been reported as approximately 11 and 6.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFThe nucleophilic substitution reactions of hydroxyl groups are one of the most fundamental and widely spread transformations in organic chemistry. Among them, PIII-mediated deoxygenative nucleophilic substitution reactions, such as the Mitsunobu reaction, are frequently used strategies and often require stoichiometric oxidants to activate PIII reagents to induce the desired reactions. It has been illustrated that PIII reagents can be oxidized into the corresponding radical cations through single-electron oxidation by photocatalysis or electro-oxidation.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFWith the extensive application of radiotherapy in various cancers, its side effects in tissues adjacent to cancers are garnering much attention. Intestines are sensitive to irradiation due to its rapid proliferation, and irradiation-induced enteric inflammation is common in patients with pelvic peritoneal tumors. Sirt1, class III protein deacetylase, could lead to transcriptional repression of various inflammation-associated genes, and our previous study has proved its relationship with interleukin (IL)-1β.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFOwing to their non-toxic, stable, inexpensive properties, carboxylic acids are considered as environmentally benign alternatives as coupling partners in various organic transformations. Electrochemical mediated decarboxylation of carboxylic acid has emerged as a new and efficient methodology for the construction of carbon-carbon or carbon-heteroatom bonds. Compared with transition-metal catalysis and photoredox catalysis, electro-organic decarboxylative transformations are considered as a green and sustainable protocol due to the absence of chemical oxidants and strong bases.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFChem Commun (Camb)
March 2020
A N2-selective β-selenoalkylation of 1,2,3-triazoles with alkenes mediated by diamines has been developed. The reaction proceeds presumably via the interaction of diamines with both the triazole moiety and selenium/alkene complex to construct a U-shaped reaction intermediate. This activation mode will block the N1 position on triazoles and thus favor the N2-selective selenoamination.
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