Toxicity and sublethal effects of lead (Pb) intake on honey bees (Apis mellifera).

Heavy metal pollution is becoming a worldwide problem affecting pollinators. The massive use of lead (Pb), the most harmful metal for the biosphere, in industries has increased the risk for honey bees. Pb exerts toxicity on living organisms inducing mainly oxidative stress.

L Extracts against : Antimicrobial activity, antioxidant capacity, hygienic behavior and colony strength.

The aim of this work was to compare the antimicrobial activity against and the antioxidant capacity of two L. extracts obtained by different extraction methods. The hydroalcoholic extract was moreover added as supplementary diet to bees in field conditions to test behavioural effects and colony strength.