Sleep duration as a risk factor for incident type 2 diabetes in a multiethnic cohort.

Purpose: We evaluated the association between sleep duration and type 2 diabetes in a multiethnic cohort, considering insulin sensitivity (S(I)) and secretion (acute insulin response [AIR]), two important diabetes risk factors.

Methods: Among 900 diabetes-free persons, 146 developed incident type 2 diabetes. At baseline, sleep duration was assessed by self-report and S(I) and AIR by a frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test.

A routine HIV screening program in a South Carolina community health center in an area of low HIV prevalence.

In 2006, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention published guidelines for routine HIV screening in healthcare settings. Feasibility studies have demonstrated that screening is effective in high-volume, urban settings, but there are no data for smaller, more rural settings. The main objective of this study was to describe a routine HIV screening program at a community health center in South Carolina serving both urban and rural populations.

Diabetes in African American youth: prevalence, incidence, and clinical characteristics: the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Study.

Objective: To report the prevalence and incidence of type 1 and type 2 diabetes among African American youth and to describe demographic, clinical, and behavioral characteristics.

Research Design And Methods: Data from the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Study, a population-based, multicenter observational study of youth with clinically diagnosed diabetes aged 0-19 years, were used to estimate the prevalence for calendar year 2001 (692 cases) and incidence based on 748 African American case subjects diagnosed in 2002-2005. Characteristics of these youth were obtained during a research visit for 436 African American youth with type 1 diabetes and 212 African American youth with type 2 diabetes.

Structural and kinetic studies on native intermediates and an intermediate analogue in benzoylformate decarboxylase reveal a least motion mechanism with an unprecedented short-lived predecarboxylation intermediate.

The thiamin diphosphate- (ThDP-) dependent enzyme benzoylformate decarboxylase (BFDC) catalyzes the nonoxidative decarboxylation of benzoylformic acid to benzaldehyde and carbon dioxide. To date, no structural information for a cofactor-bound reaction intermediate in BFDC is available. For kinetic analysis, a chromophoric substrate analogue was employed that produces various absorbing intermediates during turnover but is a poor substrate with a 10(4)-fold compromised kcat.

Lipid and lipoprotein profiles in youth with and without type 1 diabetes: the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth case-control study.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to compare the lipid profile and the prevalence of lipid abnormalities in youth with and without type 1 diabetes and explore the role of glycemic control on the hypothesized altered lipid profile in youth with type 1 diabetes.

Research Design And Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of 512 youth with type 1 diabetes (mean duration 4.22 years) and 188 healthy control subjects aged 10-22 years in Colorado and South Carolina.

Food intake patterns associated with incident type 2 diabetes: the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study.

Objective: Markers of hemostasis and inflammation such as plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) and fibrinogen have been associated with risk of type 2 diabetes. We aimed to identify food intake patterns influencing this pathway and evaluate their association with incident diabetes.

Research Design And Methods: The Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study cohort included 880 middle-aged adults initially free of diabetes.

Association between the dietary approaches to hypertension diet and hypertension in youth with diabetes mellitus.

Among youth with diabetes mellitus, elevated blood pressure represents one of the most common comorbidities. Hence, exploring dietary factors that may help prevent or control hypertension in this population is of paramount importance. We investigated whether adherence to the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet is associated with hypertension in youth with diabetes mellitus from the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Study.

Cardiovascular risk factors among youth with and without type 2 diabetes: differences and possible mechanisms.

Objective: To compare cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors among recently diagnosed youth with type 2 diabetes and nondiabetic youth and investigate whether demographic, behavioral, or metabolic factors might account for observed differences.

Research Design And Methods: Data from 106 type 2 diabetic and 189 nondiabetic multiethnic youth, aged 10-22 years, were analyzed. Prevalence of CVD risk factors were age and race/ethnicity adjusted using direct standardization.

Cardiovascular disease risk factors in youth with type 1 and type 2 diabetes: implications of a factor analysis of clustering.

Background: The extent to which cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors cluster in youth with a diagnosis of type 1 (T1DM) or type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is unclear. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate potential clustering of traditional CVD risk factors that may reflect an unmeasured but unifying single pathology that may explain the phenomenon of the metabolic syndrome in these youths.

Methods: Youths who participated in the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth study with diabetes diagnosed <20 years, with current age >10 years (maximum current age, 22 years) were included.

Weight-loss practices and weight-related issues among youth with type 1 or type 2 diabetes.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to describe the weight-loss practices and weight-related issues reported by youth with diabetes, according to sex and diabetes type.

Research Design And Methods: A total of 1,742 female and 1,615 male youth aged 10-21 years with type 1 or type 2 diabetes completed a SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth study visit during which height, weight, and A1C were measured. A survey assessed weight-related issues and weight-loss practices.

Relation of dietary glycemic index, glycemic load, added sugar intake, or fiber intake to the development of body composition between ages 2 and 7 y.

Background: Observational studies in adults suggest that a diet with a high glycemic index (GI) or glycemic load (GL), a high intake of sugary foods, or a low fiber intake may increase the risk of overweight.

Objectives: We aimed to examine prospectively whether dietary GI, GL, added sugar intake, or fiber intake between age 2 and 7 y are associated with the development of body composition. If so, we aimed to ascertain whether these associations are modified by meal frequency.

Association between maternal diabetes in utero and age at offspring's diagnosis of type 2 diabetes.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to examine age of diabetes diagnosis in youth who have a parent with diabetes by diabetes type and whether the parent's diabetes was diagnosed before or after the youth's birth.

Research Design And Methods: The cohort comprised SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Study participants (diabetes diagnosis 2001-2005) with a diabetic parent. SEARCH is a multicenter survey of youth with diabetes diagnosed before age 20 years.

Health-related quality of life of children and adolescents with type 1 or type 2 diabetes mellitus: SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Study.

Objective: To examine the associations between demographic and diabetes management variables and the health-related quality of life (HRQOL) of youths with type 1 or type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM).

Design: Cross-sectional study.

Settings: Selected populations in Ohio, Washington, South Carolina, Colorado, Hawaii, and California; health service beneficiaries in 3 American Indian populations; and participants in the Pima Indian Study in Arizona.

Participation in pediatric epidemiologic research: the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Study experience.

Background: We evaluated the association of demographic and clinical characteristics with participation in an epidemiologic study of diabetes mellitus among youth.

Methods: SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth is a multicenter study of physician-diagnosed diabetes in youth under the age of 20 comprising a surveillance and a cohort component. At each center, we enumerated all prevalent cases of diabetes in 2001 (n=6266) and all incident cases between 2002 and 2004 (n=3668).

Association of intrauterine exposure to maternal diabetes and obesity with type 2 diabetes in youth: the SEARCH Case-Control Study.

Objective: Limited data exist on the association between in utero exposure to maternal diabetes and obesity and type 2 diabetes in diverse youth. These associations were explored in African-American, Hispanic, and non-Hispanic white youth participating in the SEARCH Case-Control Study.

Research Design And Methods: A total of 79 youth with type 2 diabetes and 190 nondiabetic control youth aged 10-22 years attended a research visit.

Chemoenzymatic synthesis of the chiral side-chain of statins: application of an alcohol dehydrogenase catalysed ketone reduction on a large scale.

The chemoenzymatic synthesis of the tert-butyl (S)-6-chloro-5-hydroxy-3-ketohexanoate is described. Our approach relies on a highly regio- and enantioselective reduction of a beta,delta-diketohexanoate ester catalysed by NADP(H)-dependent alcohol dehydrogenase of Lactobacillus brevis (LBADH). A detailed description of the scale-up of the enzymatic synthesis of the hydroxyketo ester is given which includes a scale-up of the substrate synthesis as well, i.

Practical application of different enzymes immobilized on sepabeads.

The immobilization of an endoglucanase, benzoylformate decarboxylase (BFD) from Pseudomonas putida, as well as of lipase B from Candida antarctica (CALB) onto the carrier supports Sepabeads EC-EP, Sepabeads EC-EA, and Sepabeads EC-BU was accomplished. It is shown that via these immobilized biocatalysts the synthesis of both fine and bulk chemicals is possible. This is illustrated by the syntheses of polyglycerol esters and (S)-hydroxy phenyl propanone.

Breast-feeding and type 2 diabetes in the youth of three ethnic groups: the SEARCh for diabetes in youth case-control study.

Objective: To evaluate the hypothesis that breast-feeding is associated with reduced type 2 diabetes among African-American, Hispanic, and non-Hispanic white youth, mediated in part by current weight status.

Research Design And Methods: The SEARCH Case-Control Study, an ancillary study to SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth, was conducted in two of six SEARCH clinical sites. Eighty youth with type 2 diabetes aged 10-21 years were included.

Family history of diabetes, autoimmunity, and risk factors for cardiovascular disease among children with diabetes in the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Study.

Background: While type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes (T2D) are considered etiologically distinct, mixed features of autoimmunity and insulin resistance are increasingly common. We explored a familial contribution to this admixture by evaluating diabetes family history (FH) and its relationship to diabetes type, ethnicity, age at diagnosis, and cardiovascular risk factors in SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Study participants.

Methods: Diabetes FH was assessed by questionnaire, with FH categories defined by relative's(s') age at diagnosis as follows: <25 (early FH), >/=25 (later FH), and both <25 and >/=25 (mixed FH).

Food store types, availability, and cost of foods in a rural environment.

Objective: To characterize the built nutritional environment in terms of types and number of food stores, availability, and cost of selected food items in a rural area.

Design: A cross-sectional survey of food stores conducted in 2004.

Subjects/setting: We selected a rural county (population 91,582; 1,106 square miles).

Continuous asymmetric ketone reduction processes with recombinant Escherichia coli.

The reduction of methyl acetoacetate was carried out in continuously operated biotransformation processes catalyzed by recombinant Escherichia coli cells expressing an alcohol dehydrogenase from Lactobacillus brevis. Three different cell types were applied as biocatalysts in three different cofactor regeneration approaches. Both processes with enzyme-coupled cofactor regeneration catalyzed by formate dehydrogenase or glucose dehydrogenase are characterized by a rapid deactivation of the biocatalyst.

Whole-grain intake and carotid artery atherosclerosis in a multiethnic cohort: the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study.

Background: Whole-grain intake has been shown to be inversely associated with cardiovascular events, but an association with atherosclerosis is less well established.

Objective: We sought to evaluate the association of whole-grain intake with carotid intimal medial thickness (IMT) and IMT progression in a multiethnic cohort.

Design: This study evaluated 1178 participants in the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study.

Biocatalytic ketone reduction--a powerful tool for the production of chiral alcohols--part I: processes with isolated enzymes.

Enzymes are able to perform reactions under mild conditions, e.g., pH and temperature, with remarkable chemo-, regio-, and stereoselectivity.

Biocatalytic ketone reduction--a powerful tool for the production of chiral alcohols-part II: whole-cell reductions.

Enzymes are able to perform reactions under mild conditions, e.g., pH and temperature, with remarkable chemo-, regio-, and stereoselectivity.

Building blocks.

This contribution illustrates the versatility of fundamental approaches in industrial biotransformations. The applicability of biotechnology in organic synthesis on an industrial scale is discussed, followed by an overview of historical development and future progress. This chapter depicts three different approaches for the use of biocatalysts in production processes: non-chiral synthesis, asymmetric synthesis, and racemic and dynamic resolution.