In vitro immunomodulatory effects of Caryocar villosum oil on murine macrophages.

Macrophages undergo activation in response to multiple stimuli, including pathogens, growth factors and natural products. The inflammatory response and oxidative stress play critical roles in such macrophage activation. Some natural products reportedly promote immunoregulatory effects and the control of macrophage activation.

In Vitro Leishmanicidal Activity of Copaiba Oil and Kojic Acid Combination on the Protozoan and Host Cell.

(1) Background: Leishmaniasis refers to a group of anthropozoonotic diseases caused by Leishmania. The major chemotherapeutic agent used for its treatment is Glucantime, but the search continues for new compounds that are economically viable and act on the protozoan without causing damage to the host cell. As an alternative approach, this study used a combination of copaiba oil (CO) and kojic acid (KA) to determine their in vitro action on host cells, on the protozoan and its interaction with macrophages.

Inhibition of Melanization by Kojic Acid Promotes Cell Wall Disruption of the Human Pathogenic Fungus sp.

Chromoblastomycosis (CBM) is a chronic human subcutaneous mycosis caused by various aetiologic agents. CBM does not have an established treatment but may be managed using antifungal agents, surgical removal of the lesions, or cryotherapy. Kojic acid (KA), a known tyrosinase inhibitor with a variety of biological actions, including fungistatic action against the fungus Cryptococcus neoformans, mediated by inhibiting melanin production, seems to be an alternative to improve the treatment of CBM.