Withaferin a modulation of microglia autophagy mitigates neuroinflammation and enhances cognitive function in POCD.

With the aging process of the global population and the development of medical technology, the cases of postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) are also increasing. Due to the complexity of the pathogenesis, urgent treatment has been sought. Neuroinflammation induced by the accumulation of lipid droplets (LDs) in microglia has been closely watched in recent years and is also considered to be an important cause of nerve damage.

S100A8 knockdown activates the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway to inhibit microglial autophagy and improve cognitive impairment mediated by chronic sleep deprivation.

Objective: Cognitive dysfunction is one of the major symptoms of chronic sleep deprivation (CSD). Abnormal autophagy and apoptosis are thought to be important mechanisms. S100 Calcium Binding Protein A8 (S100A8) plays a key role in autophagy and apoptosis of microglia.

Dexmedetomidine enhances Mitophagy via PINK1 to alleviate hippocampal neuronal Pyroptosis and improve postoperative cognitive dysfunction in elderly rat.

Postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) is a common complication in elderly surgical patients, significantly affecting their quality of life. Dexmedetomidine (Dex), an anesthetic, has shown promise in alleviating POCD, but its underlying mechanism remains unclear. This study aims to explore how Dex improves POCD in aged rats by targeting the PINK1-mediated mitochondrial autophagy pathway, reducing caspase-1/11-GSDMD-induced hippocampal neuronal pyroptosis.

Mild therapeutic hypothermia upregulates the O-GlcNAcylation level of COX10 to alleviate mitochondrial damage induced by myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury.

Objective: Mild therapeutic hypothermia (MTH) is an important method for perioperative prevention and treatment of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury (MIRI). Modifying mitochondrial proteins after protein translation to regulate mitochondrial function is one of the mechanisms for improving myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. This study investigated the relationship between shallow hypothermia treatment improving myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury and the O-GlcNAcylation level of COX10.

Association between human blood metabolome and the risk of delirium: a Mendelian Randomization study.

Background: Delirium significantly contributes to both mortality and morbidity among hospitalized older adults. Furthermore, delirium leads to escalated healthcare expenditures, extended hospital stays, and enduring cognitive deterioration, all of which are acknowledged detrimental outcomes. Nonetheless, the current strategies for predicting and managing delirium remain constrained.

Targeting CB2R in astrocytes for Parkinson's disease therapy: unraveling the Foxg1-mediated neuroprotective mechanism through autophagy-mediated NLRP3 degradation.

Background: Inflammasomes in astrocytes have been shown to play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease (PD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Cannabinoid Receptor 2(CB2R), a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), is considered a promising therapeutic target in inflammation-related disorders. This study aims to explore the role of CB2R in regulating NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3)-mediated neuroinflammation in astrocytes.

The anti-inflammatory and haemodynamic effects of levosimendan on advanced heart failure patients: a meta-analysis of published studies.

Objective: Increasing evidence from randomized controlled trials shows the anti-inflammatory and haemodynamic effects of levosimendan in advanced heart failure (AdHF), however, conflicting results have been reported in some studies. The aim of this study was to estimate the anti-inflammatory and haemodynamic effects of levosimendan on AdHF (registration number: INPLASY202250097).

Methods: The MEDLINE, PubMed, ClinicalTrials.

Melatonin-Driven NLRP3 Inflammation Inhibition Via Regulation of NF-κB Nucleocytoplasmic Transport: Implications for Postoperative Cognitive Dysfunction.

The aseptic inflammatory response of the central nervous system is one of the important causes of neurodegenerative diseases in individuals and is also recognized in postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD). Inflammasome is thought to be closely related to brain homeostasis. However, there are few drugs targeting the inflammasome to suppress inflammation in clinical practice.

β-arrestin1 regulates astrocytic reactivity via Drp1-dependent mitochondrial fission: implications in postoperative delirium.

Postoperative delirium (POD) is a frequent and debilitating complication, especially amongst high risk procedures, such as orthopedic surgery. This kind of neurocognitive disorder negatively affects cognitive domains, such as memory, awareness, attention, and concentration after surgery; however, its pathophysiology remains unknown. Multiple lines of evidence supporting the occurrence of inflammatory events have come forward from studies in human patients' brain and bio-fluids (CSF and serum), as well as in animal models for POD.

Mitochondria-derived peptide MOTS-c: effects and mechanisms related to stress, metabolism and aging.

MOTS-c is a peptide encoded by the short open reading frame of the mitochondrial 12S rRNA gene. It is significantly expressed in response to stress or exercise and translocated to the nucleus, where it regulates the expression of stress adaptation-related genes with antioxidant response elements (ARE). MOTS-c mainly acts through the Folate-AICAR-AMPK pathway, thereby influencing energy metabolism, insulin resistance, inflammatory response, exercise, aging and aging-related pathologies.

DNA damage response and GATA4 signaling in cellular senescence and aging-related pathology.

Aging is the continuous degradation of biological function and structure with time, and cellular senescence lies at its core. DNA damage response (DDR) can activate Ataxia telangiectasia-mutated serine/threonine kinase (ATM) and Rad3-related serine/threonine kinase (ATR), after which p53 activates p21, stopping the cell cycle and inducing cell senescence. GATA4 is a transcription factor that plays an important role in the development of many organs, such as the heart, testis, ovary, foregut, liver, and ventral pancreas.

Roles of neuroligins in central nervous system development: focus on glial neuroligins and neuron neuroligins.

Neuroligins are postsynaptic cell adhesion molecules that are relevant to many neurodevelopmental disorders. They are differentially enriched at the postsynapse and interact with their presynaptic ligands, neurexins, whose differential binding to neuroligins has been shown to regulate synaptogenesis, transmission, and other synaptic properties. The proper functioning of functional networks in the brain depends on the proper connection between neuronal synapses.

Dual roles of interleukin-33 in cognitive function by regulating central nervous system inflammation.

With the advent of an aging society, the incidence of dementia is increasing, resulting in a vast burden on society. It is increasingly acknowledged that neuroinflammation is implicated in various neurological diseases with cognitive dysfunction such as Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, ischemic stroke, traumatic brain injury, and central nervous system infections. As an important neuroinflammatory factor, interleukin-33 (IL-33) is highly expressed in various tissues and cells in the mammalian brain, where it plays a role in the pathogenesis of a number of central nervous system conditions.

Lipid metabolism and storage in neuroglia: role in brain development and neurodegenerative diseases.

The importance of neuroglia in maintaining normal brain function under physiological and pathological conditions has been supported by growing evidence in recent years. The most important issues regarding glial metabolism and function include the cooperation between glial populations and neurons, morphological and functional changes in pathological states, and the role in the onset and progression of neurodegenerative diseases. Although lipid accumulation and further lipid droplet production in neurodegenerative disease brain models have been observed for a long time, the dynamic development of brain lipid droplet research in recent years suggests its role in the development and progression of neurodegenerative diseases was previously underestimated.

CB2R Activation Regulates TFEB-Mediated Autophagy and Affects Lipid Metabolism and Inflammation of Astrocytes in POCD.

Evidence suggests that the accumulation of lipid drots (LDs) accelerates damage to mitochondria and increases the release of inflammatory factors. These have been implicated as a mechanism underlying neurodegenerative diseases or tumors and aging-related diseases such as postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD), nevertheless, accumulation of lipid droplets has not been extensively studied in the central nervous system (CNS). Here, we found that after surgery, there was activation of astrocytes and lipid accumulation in the hippocampus.

Long Non-coding RNAs and Circular RNAs: Insights Into Microglia and Astrocyte Mediated Neurological Diseases.

Microglia and astrocytes maintain tissue homeostasis in the nervous system. Both microglia and astrocytes have pro-inflammatory phenotype and anti-inflammatory phenotype. Activated microglia and activated astrocytes can contribute to several neurological diseases.

The Mechanisms of Sevoflurane-Induced Neuroinflammation.

Sevoflurane is one of the most commonly used inhaled anesthetics due to its low blood gas coefficient, fast onset, low airway irritation, and aromatic smell. However, recent studies have reported that sevoflurane exposure may have deleterious effects on cognitive function. Although neuroinflammation was most widely mentioned among the established mechanisms of sevoflurane-induced cognitive dysfunction, its upstream mechanisms have yet to be illustrated.

Rapamycin inhibits LOC102553434-mediated pyroptosis to improve lung injury induced by limb ischemia-reperfusion.

Unlabelled: Limb ischemia reperfusion (I/R) triggers local or systemic injury, and whether the process is mediated by pyroptosis remains unclear, we aimed to explore whether pyroptosis was involved in the process of rapamycin alleviating lung injury induced by I/R and investigate the molecular mechanisms. The histopathology of lung injury induced by I/R was confirmed by hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining, and malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and the expression of pyroptosis related molecules were detected. RNA sequencing was used to mine key long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs).

The Role of Notch3 Signaling in Cancer Stemness and Chemoresistance: Molecular Mechanisms and Targeting Strategies.

Aberrant Notch signaling profoundly affects cancer progression. Especially the Notch3 receptor was found to be dysregulated in cancer, where its expression is correlated with worse clinicopathological features and poor prognosis. The activation of Notch3 signaling is closely related to the activation of cancer stem cells (CSCs), a small subpopulation in cancer that is responsible for cancer progression.

Dexmedetomidine Mitigated NLRP3-Mediated Neuroinflammation the Ubiquitin-Autophagy Pathway to Improve Perioperative Neurocognitive Disorder in Mice.

Surgery and anesthesia-induced perioperative neurocognitive disorder (PND) are closely related to NOD-like receptors (NLR) family, pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome microglia inflammatory response. Inhibiting the occurrence of neuroinflammation is an important treatment method to improve postoperative delirium. Fewer NLRP3-targeting molecules are currently available in the clinic to reduce the incidence of postoperative delirium.

The correlation of intraoperative hypotension and postoperative cognitive impairment: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

Background: There is no consensus on whether intraoperative hypotension is associated with postoperative cognitive impairment. Hence, we performed a meta-analysis to evaluate the correlation of intraoperative hypotension and the incidence of postoperative delirium (POD) or postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD).

Methods: We searched PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases to find randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in which reported the relationship between intraoperative hypotension and POD or POCD.

Alpha-Lipoic Acid Preconditioning and Ischaemic Postconditioning Synergistically Protect Rats from Cerebral Injury Induced by Ischemia and Reperfusion Partly via Inhibition TLR4/MyD88/ NF-κB Signaling Pathway.

Background/aims: A combination of alpha-lipoic acid preconditioning (ALAP) and ischaemic preconditioning (IPC) has not been tested in an in vivo rat cerebral ischaemia/reperfusion injury (I/RI) model, and the potential protective mechanisms have not been well elucidated. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of the TLR4/ MyD88/ NF-κB signaling pathway in the synergistically neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects of ALAP and IPC.

Methods: One hundred and fifty male Sprague-Dawley rats, weighing 180-230 g, were randomly divided into the following 5 groups: 1) sham-operated control; 2) I/R; 3) I/R+ALAP; 4) I/R+IPC; 5) I/R+IPC+ALAP.

Protective Effect of Sevoflurane Postconditioning against Cardiac Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury via Ameliorating Mitochondrial Impairment, Oxidative Stress and Rescuing Autophagic Clearance.

Background And Purpose: Myocardial infarction leads to heart failure. Autophagy is excessively activated in myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) in rats. The aim of this study is to investigate whether the protection of sevoflurane postconditioning (SPC) in myocardial I/R is through restored impaired autophagic flux.

Efficacy and safety of flurbiprofen axetil in the prevention of pain on propofol injection: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background: Pain on injection is an acknowledged adverse effect (AE) of propofol administration for the induction of general anesthesia. Flurbiprofen axetil has been reported to reduce the pain of injection. However, results of published papers on the efficacy of flurbiprofen axetil in managing pain on injection of propofol are inconsistent.

To clarify features of photoplethysmography in monitoring balanced anesthesia, compared with Cerebral State Index.

Background: Although photoplethysmography and cerebral state index (CSI) have been used as indices in monitoring vital signs perioperatively, there are only a few reports comparing the performance of photoplethysmography with CSI in monitoring anaesthesia depth. The aim of the present study was to clarify features of photoplethysmography in monitoring balanced general anesthesia compared with CSI.

Material And Methods: Forty-five patients undergoing elective operation under general anaesthesia were enrolled in this study.