Toxicological evaluation of ammonium perfluorobutyrate in rats: twenty-eight-day and ninety-day oral gavage studies.

Sequential 28-day and 90-day oral toxicity studies were performed in male and female rats with ammonium perfluorobutyrate (NH(4)(+)PFBA) at doses up to 150 and 30mg/kg-d, respectively. Ammonium perfluorooctanoate was used as a comparator at a dose of 30mg/kg-d in the 28-day study. Female rats were unaffected by NH(4)(+)PFBA.

Modeled comparisons of health risks posed by fluorinated solvents in a workplace spill scenario.

The purpose of this study was to illustrate how available physical-chemical exposure models can be used to compare potential risks and define risk management measures for non-routine exposure events, such as spills, leaks, or process upset conditions. A two-zone physical-chemical model was used to quantify and compare the potential exposure risks from five fluorinated solvents used in the manufacturing of electronic materials during an anticipated spill scenario. A 1-l spill scenario in a room measuring 2.

A two-generation oral gavage reproduction study with potassium perfluorobutanesulfonate (K+PFBS) in Sprague Dawley rats.

Perfluorobutanesulfonate (PFBS) is a surfactant and degradation product of substances based on perfluorobutanesulfonyl fluoride. A two-generation reproductive rat study has been conducted with potassium PFBS (K(+)PFBS). Parental-generation (P) rats were dosed orally by gavage with 0, 30, 100, 300 and 1000mg K(+)PFBS/kg/day for 10 weeks prior to and through mating (males and females), as well as during gestation and lactation (females only).

A comparison of the pharmacokinetics of perfluorobutanesulfonate (PFBS) in rats, monkeys, and humans.

Materials derived from perfluorobutanesulfonyl fluoride (PBSF, C(4)F(9)SO(2)F) have been introduced as replacements for eight-carbon homolog products that were manufactured from perfluorooctanesulfonyl fluoride (POSF, C(8)F(17)SO(2)F). Perfluorobutanesulfonate (PFBS, C(4)F(9)SO(3)(-)) is a surfactant and potential degradation product of PBSF-derived materials. The purpose of this series of studies was to evaluate the pharmacokinetics of PFBS in rats, monkeys, and humans, thereby providing critical information for human health risk assessment.

Toxicological evaluation of potassium perfluorobutanesulfonate in a 90-day oral gavage study with Sprague-Dawley rats.

Perfluorobutanesulfonate (PFBS) is a surfactant and degradation product of substances synthesized using perfluorobutanesulfonyl fluoride. A 90-day rat oral gavage study has been conducted with potassium PFBS (K+PFBS). Rats were dosed with K+PFBS at doses of 60, 200, and 600mg/kg-day body weight.

Pharmacokinetics of perfluorooctanoate in cynomolgus monkeys.

The pharmacokinetics of perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) in cynomolgus monkeys were studied in a six-month oral capsule dosing study of ammonium perfluorooctanoate (APFO) and in a single-dose iv study. In the oral study, samples of serum, urine, and feces were collected every two weeks from monkeys given daily doses of either 0, 3, 10, or 20 mg APFO/kg. Steady-state was reached within four weeks in serum, urine, and feces.

Toxicity of ammonium perfluorooctanoate in male cynomolgus monkeys after oral dosing for 6 months.

Ammonium perfluorooctanoate (APFO) is a processing aid in the production of fluoropolymers that has been shown to have a long half-life in human blood. To understand the potential toxicological response of primates, groups of male cynomolgus monkeys were given daily po (capsule) doses of either 0, 3, 10, or 30 (reduced to 20) mg/kg/day for 26 weeks. Two monkeys from each of the control and 10 mg/kg/day dose groups were observed for 90 days after the last dose.

1,1,1-Trifluoro-2,2-dichloroethane (HCFC-123) and 1,1,1-trifluoro-2-bromo-2-chloroethane (halothane) cause similar biochemical effects in rats exposed by inhalation for five days.

1,1,1-Trifluoro-2,2-dichloroethane (HCFC-123) and 1,1,1-trifluoro-2-bromo-2 chloroethane (halothane) are gases with anesthetic properties. HCFC-123 is used as a refrigerant, fire extinquishing agent, and solvent, while halothane is a clinical anesthetic. Much information is available on chronic toxicity of HCFC-123 in animals, while the information available for halothane is from short-term animal exposures or chronic, low level human exposures.

A novel method to determine uptake and elimination kinetics of volatile chemicals in fish.

The development of an exposure system suitable for studying the uptake and elimination kinetics in fish of volatile chemicals is discussed. Static exposure of the fish is in a closed system containing water and air. Automated sampling and analysis of the air provides a concentration-time profile that is then fit to differential equations using numerical integration methods.

OLITA: an alternative in the treatment of therapy-resistant chronic alcoholics. First evaluation of a new approach.

The Outpatient Long-term Intensive Therapy for Alcoholics (OLITA) is a four-step program of care for severely affected chronic alcoholics which, after inpatient detoxification, extends over a total of 2 years. High-frequency short-term individual therapeutic contacts, initially daily, are followed by a slow tapering of individual contact frequency and resolve in a group session once weekly towards the end of the second abstinent year. Further elements of OLITA are: (a) induction of alcohol intolerance by the application of aldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitors; (b) introduction of control factors, i.

Fluoroacetate-mediated toxicity of fluorinated ethanes.

A series of 1-(di)halo-2-fluoroethanes reported in the literature to be nontoxic or of low toxicity were found to be highly toxic by the inhalation route. Experiments were performed that showed the compounds, 1,2-difluoroethane, 1-chloro-2-fluoroethane, 1-chloro-1,2-difluoroethane, and 1-bromo-2-fluoroethane to be highly toxic to rats upon inhalation for 4 hr. All four compounds had 4-hr approximate lethal concentrations of < or = 100 ppm in rats.

Development of a biomonitoring assay for ortho-toluidine or its metabolites in human urine.

We describe a method for the measurement of a metabolite of ortho-toluidine in urine. The method uses capillary gas chromatographic separation with mass spectrometric detection to quantitate the metabolite, and it requires no derivatization or extraction of the urine sample prior to analysis. Quantitation is accomplished by comparison with a control spiked with a standard of the metabolite.

Dimethylacetamide pharmacokinetics following inhalation exposures to rats and mice.

Whole-body inhalation exposures to N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMAC) were conducted with male rats (Crl:CD BR) and mice (Crl:CD-1 (ICR)BR). Exposure concentrations were 50, 150, 300 and 500 ppm. The exposure routines consisted of single 1-, 3-, or 6-h exposures and ten 6-h exposures (10 exposure days in 2 weeks).

Dimethylformamide pharmacokinetics following inhalation exposure in monkeys.

Male and female cynomolgus monkeys received whole-body inhalation exposures to dimethylformamide (DMF) at concentrations of 30, 100, and 500 ppm for 6 hours a day, 5 days a week over a 13-week period. Serial blood samples were drawn at the conclusion of the first day of exposure and following 15, 29, 57, and 85 days of testing. Area under the plasma concentration curve (AUC) values were determined for DMF and "NMF" [N-methylformamide (NMF) plus N-(hydroxymethyl)-N-methylformamide (DMF-OH)].

Dimethylformamide pharmacokinetics following inhalation exposures to rats and mice.

Whole-body inhalation exposures to N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) were conducted with rats and mice. The exposure concentrations were 10, 250, and 500 ppm DMF. The exposure routines consisted of single 1-, 3-, or 6-hour exposures and ten 6-hour exposures (ten exposure days in 2 weeks).

Hepatic macromolecular binding and tissue distribution of ortho- and para-toluidine in rats.

The in vivo covalent binding of ortho- and para-toluidine (OT and PT) to rat hepatic macromolecules was investigated to determine if a relationship exists between the degree of binding for each isomer and its carcinogenic potency. The ortho-isomer has been shown to be a more potent hepatocarcinogen than the para-isomer. In addition to the macromolecular binding, the tissue distribution of each isomer was also measured.

Baroreceptor activity in man during administration of the calcium channel blocker felodipine.

The mechanisms responsible for the resetting of the baroreceptor reflex during long-term administration of 1,4 dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers are incompletely understood. The present study investigated the effect of 10 mg per day of felodipine on arterial blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR), urinary norepinephrine, and cardiac beta-1-receptor sensitivity in 10 healthy volunteers. Blood pressure heart rate and urinary norepinephrine were determined during control and on days 1,4, and 14 of felodipine administration.

Effect of diethyldithiocarbamate rescue on tumor response to cis-platinum in a rat model.

The nephrotoxic effects of cis-dichlorodiamineplatinum(II) (NSC-119875) (DDP) in female F344 rats were effectively inhibited by administration of sodium diethyldithiocarbamate (DDTC) in doses of 750 mg/kg intraperitoneally or 100 mg/kg intravenously 2 hr after administration of DDP. Rats were inoculated with mammary tumor 13762 and treated after 10 days with DDP (2.0 or 8.