Investigation of isolates from 3 outbreaks of European foulbrood disease in commercial beekeeping operations in western Canada.

European foulbrood (EFB) disease is an economically important bacterial disease of honey bee larvae caused by enteric infection with . In this study, we investigated 3 clinical outbreaks of EFB disease in commercial beekeeping operations in western Canada in the summer of 2020 and characterized the isolates cultured from these outbreaks according to genetic multi-locus sequence type and larval pathogenicity. We isolated sequence type 19 from EFB outbreaks in British Columbia and Alberta, and a novel sequence type 36 from an EFB outbreak in Saskatchewan.

Algorithm development for individualized precision feeding of supplemental top dresses to influence feed efficiency of dairy cattle.

Individualized, precision feeding of dairy cattle may contribute to profitable and sustainable dairy production. Feeding strategies targeted at optimizing efficiency of individual cows, rather than groups of animals with similar characteristics, is a logical goal of individualized precision feeding. However, algorithms designed to make feeding recommendations for specific animals are scarce.

Practical challenges and potential approaches to predicting low-incidence diseases on farm using individual cow data: A clinical mastitis example.

Clinical mastitis (CM) incidence is considerable in terms of cows affected per year, but cases are much less common in terms of detections per cow per milking. From a modeling perspective, where predictions are made every time any cow is milked, low CM incidence per cow day makes training, evaluating, and applying CM prediction models a challenge. The objective of this study was to build models for predicting CM incidence using time-series sensor data and choose models that maximize net return based on a cost matrix.

Short-Term Adaptation of Dairy Cattle Production Parameters to Individualized Changes in Dietary Top Dress.

Immediate and short-term changes in diet composition can support individualized, real-time interventions in precision dairy production systems, and might increase feed efficiency (FE) of dairy cattle in the short-term. The objective of this study was to determine immediate and short-term effects of changes in diet composition on production parameters of dairy cattle fed varying amounts of top dressed commodities. A 4 × 4 replicated Latin square design was used to evaluate responses of twenty-four Holstein cows fed either no top dress (Control) or increasing amounts of: corn grain (CG), soybean meal (SBM), or chopped mixed grass hay (GH) top dressed on a total mixed ration (TMR) over four, 9-day periods.

Rumen volatile fatty acid molar proportions, rumen epithelial gene expression, and blood metabolite concentration responses to ruminally degradable starch and fiber supplies.

The objective of this work was to characterize rumen volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations, rumen epithelial gene expression, and blood metabolite responses to diets with different starch and fiber sources. Six ruminally cannulated yearling Holstein heifers (body weight = 330 ± 11.3 kg) were arranged in a partially replicated Latin square experiment with 4 treatments consisting of different starch [barley (BAR) or corn (CRN)] and fiber [timothy hay (TH) or beet pulp (BP)] sources.

Contributions of dairy products to environmental impacts and nutritional supplies from United States agriculture.

Questions regarding the balance between the contribution to human nutrition and the environmental impact of livestock food products rarely evaluate specific species or how to accomplish the recommended depopulation. The objective of this study was to assess current contributions of the US dairy industry to the supply of nutrients and environmental impact, characterize potential impacts of alternative land use for land previously used for crops for dairy cattle, and evaluate the impacts of these approaches on US dairy herd depopulation. We modeled 3 scenarios to reflect different sets of assumptions for how and why to remove dairy cattle from the US food production system coupled with 4 land-use strategies for the potential newly available land previously cropped for dairy feed.

Identifying gram-negative and gram-positive clinical mastitis using daily milk component and behavioral sensor data.

Opportunities exist for automated animal health monitoring and early detection of diseases such as mastitis with greater on-farm adoption of precision technologies. Our objective was to evaluate time series changes in individual milk component or behavioral variables for all clinical mastitis (CM) cases (ACM), for CM caused by gram-negative (GN) or gram-positive (GP) pathogens, or CM cases in which no pathogen was isolated (NPI). We developed algorithms using a combination of milk and activity parameters for predicting each of these infection types.

Technical note: Methodological and feed factors affecting measurement of protein A, B, and C fractions, degradation rate, and intestinal digestibility of rumen-undegraded protein.

When formulating dairy cow rations, characterization of protein in feeds requires estimation of protein degradation in the rumen and digestion in the intestine. The objective of this work was to evaluate experimental and feed-related factors that affect characterization using in situ, in vitro, or mobile bag techniques, of 0-h washout (A), potentially degradable (B), and undegradable (C) protein fractions, protein degradation rate (K), and digestibility of rumen undegradable protein (dRUP). Data sets of 136 studies on A, B, C, and K and 113 studies on dRUP were amassed from the literature.

Meta-analysis of endophyte-infected tall fescue effects on cattle growth rates.

The objective of this study was to quantitatively summarize literature reporting endophyte-infected (Neotyphodium coenophialum) tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) effects on cattle ADG. This meta-analysis evaluated endophyte infection level, climate, and forage yield using a literature dataset of 138 treatments from 20 articles. Three infection level measurements were tested: endophyte infection as a percentage of infected tillers (E%); ergovaline concentration in ppb ([E]); and total ergot alkaloid concentration ([TEA]).

Production and decay of element 114: high cross sections and the new nucleus 277Hs.

The fusion-evaporation reaction 244Pu(48Ca,3-4n){288,289}114 was studied at the new gas-filled recoil separator TASCA. Thirteen correlated decay chains were observed and assigned to the production and decay of {288,289}114. At a compound nucleus excitation energy of E{*}=39.

Loss of basal cell keratin 14 reflects increased risk of recurrence in surgically resected sinonasal inverted papilloma.

Aims: To evaluate selected markers in terms of their possible relation to the development of recurrence in microsurgically resected sinonasal inverted papilloma (SIP) in order to advance understanding of the mechanisms pathogenetically involved, and to identify novel biomarkers for individual risk assessment in SIP.

Methods: Retrospective computerised database analysis and thorough review of medical charts was performed in order to identify all patients with newly diagnosed SIP who underwent microinvasive endonasal surgery at the HELIOS Klinikum Bad Saarow and at the Klinikum Hoyerswerda (Germany) between 1985 and 2005, yielding a total of 73 patients with newly diagnosed SIP. Among these, 22 patients (30.

Do different disorders in cell cycle regulation account for different biological behavior of urothelial and sinonasal inverted papillomas?

Objective: It was the aim of this study to assess the expression of selected cell cycle regulation genes in urothelial and sinonasal inverted papillomas (IP).

Methods: Archived surgically resected specimens from 18 urothelial and 19 sinonasal IP were studied immunohistochemically for p16, p53, cyclin D1 and Ki67. Staining results were semiquantified and compared between IP and adjacent control mucosa (CM).