[The exposure routes of micro- and nanoplastics and their potential toxic effects on human health].

This article discusses the classification of micro- and nanoplastics (MNP), the routes of their exposure and the effects of MNP on the reproductive, respiratory, digestive and immune systems based on in vitro and in vivo studies, as well as available epidemiological data. The MNP can enter our body through inhalation, food or skin. The presence of microplastics (MP) in tap, bottled and deep sea water, as well as in sea salt, fruit and vegetables has been demonstrated.

Assessing cytotoxicity and endoplasmic reticulum stress in human blood-brain barrier cells due to silver and copper oxide nanoparticles.

In recent years, it has been generally accepted that metal-based nanoparticles (NPs) may induce stress in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), a key organelle where protein folding occurs. We examined ER stress in immortalized human cerebral microvascular cells (hCMEC/D3) after exposure to silver-NPs (Ag-NPs)- and copper oxide-NPs (CuO-NPs) induced toxicity at < 10 nm and < 40 nm or < 50 nm diameters, respectively. In cytotoxicity assessments, cells were exposed to different CuO-NPs (5-400 µg/mL) or Ag-NPs (1-10 µg/mL) concentration ranges for 24 h and 72 h, and tetrazole salt reduction assays (EZ4U) were performed.

The effects of co-exposure to methyl paraben and dibutyl phthalate on cell line derived from human skin.

Data on the cumulative effects of chemical substances are necessary for the proper risk assessment, but their availability is still insufficient. The aim of the study was to evaluate the cytotoxic effect of methyl paraben (MePB) and dibutyl phthalate (DBP) on the cells of the skin line (A431) and to compare the cytotoxic effects of the tested substances after single application to A431 cells with the effects of an equimolar/equitoxic (1:1) binary mixture of these compounds as well as their mixtures in ratio 1:3: and 3:1. On the basis of the obtained results, it was found that there were interactions between the tested compounds in terms of cytotoxic effect on A431, assessed on the basis of metabolic activity of cells (MTT test) and integrity of their cell membranes (NRU test).

[The transposition of directive 2019/1831/EU of October 24, 2019 establishing a fifth list of indicative occupational exposure limit values into national law].

The issue of the regulations amending the Regulation of the Minister of Family, Labour and Social Policy on the maximum admissible concentrations and intensities of agents harmful to health in the working environment resulted from the requirement to implement into national law the provisions of Commission Directive (EU) 2019/1831 of 24 October 2019 establishing a fifth list of indicative occupational exposure limit values pursuant to Council Directive 98/24/EC, and amending Commission Directive 2000/39/EC, the provisions of which Member States had to introduce by 20 May August 2021. The Regulation takes into account 3 motions submitted by the Interdepartmental Commission for Maximum Admissible Concentrations and Intensities for Agents Harmful to Health in the Working Environment to the minister of labour in the years 2017-2020. The Commission was appointed by the Regulation of the Prime Minister of December 15, 2008 (Journal of Laws of 2015, item 1772, with amendments), and its tasks include submitting to the minister of labour motions on the value of the maximum admissible concentrations and intensities for agents harmful to health in the working environment.

The in vitro toxicity evaluation of halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) in human lung cells.

Halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) have been increasingly used in many industrial and biomedical fields. Therefore, the assessment of risk and consequences of exposure to HNTs is very important to better protect human safety. This study aims to investigate the short- (24 or 72 h) and long-term (7 days) cytotoxic effects of HNTs at doses 10-200 µg/mL on human alveolar carcinoma epithelial cells (A549) and human bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B).

Biological effects of molybdenum compounds in nanosized forms under and conditions.

Nanoparticles of transition metal dichalcogenides, particularly of molybdenum (Mo), have gained a lot of focus due to their exceptional physicochemical properties and the growing number of technological applications. These nanoparticles are also considered as potential therapeutic tools, biosensors or drug carriers. It is crucial to thoroughly examine their biocompatibility and ensure safe usage.

Evaluation of the toxic potency of selected cadmium compounds on A549 and CHO-9 cells.

Cytotoxicity of cadmium sulphide, oxide and chloride was tested using A549 and CHO-9 cells. Metabolic activity of cells (MTT test) and cell membrane permeability (NRU test) were used as cytotoxicity endpoints. The results revealed unexpectedly low toxicity of cadmium sulphide as compared to chloride and oxide.

Hematological effects of four ethylene glycol monoalkyl ethers in short-term repeated exposure in rats.

This study was carried out to compare the hematological effects of 2-methoxyethanol (ME), 2-ethoxyethanol (EE), 2-isopropoxyethanol (IPE), and 2-butoxyethanol (BE) in short-term studies in rats. Male rats were subcutaneously treated with ME or EE at a dosage of 0, 1.25, 2.

Toxicity of some phenolic derivatives--in vitro studies.

Cytotoxicity of 5 phenol derivatives (phenol, catechol, resorcinol, hydroquinone and phloroglucinol) was tested using a mouse 3T3 fibroblast cell line. Its relationships with structural and physicochemical properties were investigated. Linear regression analysis and Pearson's correlation coefficient were used to characterise the relationship between cytotoxicity (expressed by IC(50) values) and physicochemical parameters of compounds or their toxicity in vivo expressed by LD(50) values.

Cytotoxicity of resorcinol under short- and long-term exposure in vitro.

Cytotoxicity of resorcinol to 3T3 fibroblast in short- (3 hrs) and long-term (72 hrs or 6 weeks) exposure was investigated. The effects of resorcinol on cell viability (neutral red uptake, NRU assay), mitochondrial function (MTT assay) and total cell protein (Kenacid Blue assay) were estimated. As a model for long-term exposure an INTEGRA CL 6-WELL bioreactor was used.

The cytotoxicity of some organic solvents on isolated hepatocytes in monolayer culture.

The cytotoxic effects of volatile and water-insoluble organic solvents (ethylbenzene, tetrachloroethylene, n-hexane) were tested on isolated hepatocytes in monolayer culture by using the 3-(4,5 dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5 diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) reduction assay. All of the tested compounds inhibited metabolic activity of hepatocytes and this effect depended on the concentration of solvents in the incubatory medium. The presence of fetal calf serum in the medium did not change the cytotoxicity of xenobiotics.