Clinical rating scale for pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration: A pilot study.

Background: Pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration is a progressive neurological disorder occurring in both childhood and adulthood. The objective of this study was to design and pilot-test a disease-specific clinical rating scale for the assessment of patients with pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration.

Methods: In this international cross-sectional study, patients were examined at the referral centers following a standardized protocol.

Pain in Parkinson disease: a review of the literature.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a degenerative neurological disease presenting with motor and non-motor signs and symptoms. Approximately 30-50% of the patients experience pain. There is no consensus regarding the mechanisms and classification of pain in PD.