Empathic concern: Distinguishing between tenderness and sympathy.

The present research proposes that empathic concern, as assessed by six items of the ERQ, consists of two separate emotions, i.e., tenderness and sympathy.

Can training improve laypersons helping behaviour in first aid? A randomised controlled deception trial.

Background: There is limited evidence indicating that laypersons trained in first aid provide better help, but do not help more often than untrained laypersons. This study investigated the effect of conventional first aid training versus conventional training plus supplementary training aimed at decreasing barriers to helping.

Methods: The authors conducted a randomised controlled trial.