Global and local visual processing in autism - a co-twin-control study.

Background: Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is associated with altered global and local visual processing. However, the nature of these alterations remains controversial, with contradictory findings and notions ranging from a reduced drive to integrate information into a coherent 'gestalt' ("weak central coherence" = WCC) to an enhanced perceptual functioning (EPF) in local processing.

Methods: This study assessed the association between autism and global/local visual processing, using a large sample of monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) twins (N = 290, 48% females, age = 8-31 years).

Nordic OCD & Related Disorders Consortium: Rationale, design, and methods.

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a debilitating psychiatric disorder, yet its etiology is unknown and treatment outcomes could be improved if biological targets could be identified. Unfortunately, genetic findings for OCD are lagging behind other psychiatric disorders. Thus, there is a pressing need to understand the causal mechanisms implicated in OCD in order to improve clinical outcomes and to reduce morbidity and societal costs.

Machine learning defined diagnostic criteria for differentiating pituitary metastasis from autoimmune hypophysitis in patients undergoing immune checkpoint blockade therapy.

Purpose: New-onset pituitary gland lesions are observed in up to 18% of cancer patients undergoing treatment with immune checkpoint blockers (ICB). We aimed to develop and validate an imaging-based decision-making algorithm for use by the clinician that helps differentiate pituitary metastasis (PM) from ICB-induced autoimmune hypophysitis (HP).

Materials And Methods: A systematic search was performed in the MEDLINE and EMBASE databases up to October 2018 to identify studies concerning PM and HP in patients treated with cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 and programmed cell death (ligand) 1.

Association of Genetic and Environmental Risks for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder With Hypomanic Symptoms in Youths.

Importance: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and bipolar disorder are highly comorbid, with significantly associated symptoms. The mechanisms that account for their co-occurrence are not known.

Objective: To examine the degree to which genetic and environmental risk factors for ADHD traits, across childhood and adolescence, are associated with adolescent hypomanic symptoms.

Trends in childhood and adolescent internalizing symptoms: results from Swedish population based twin cohorts.

Background: Previous research has noted trends of increasing internalizing problems (e.g., symptoms of depression and anxiety), particularly amongst adolescent girls.

The CODATwins Project: The Current Status and Recent Findings of COllaborative Project of Development of Anthropometrical Measures in Twins.

The COllaborative project of Development of Anthropometrical measures in Twins (CODATwins) project is a large international collaborative effort to analyze individual-level phenotype data from twins in multiple cohorts from different environments. The main objective is to study factors that modify genetic and environmental variation of height, body mass index (BMI, kg/m2) and size at birth, and additionally to address other research questions such as long-term consequences of birth size. The project started in 2013 and is open to all twin projects in the world having height and weight measures on twins with information on zygosity.

Associations of mental health and family background with opioid analgesic therapy: a nationwide Swedish register-based study.

There is evidence of greater opioid prescription to individuals in the United States with mental health conditions. Whether these associations generalize beyond the US prescription environment and to familial mental health and socioeconomic status (SES) has not been examined comprehensively. This study estimated associations of diverse preexisting mental health diagnoses, parental mental health history, and SES in childhood with opioid analgesic prescription patterns nationwide in Sweden.

Comorbidity of substance misuse with anxiety-related and depressive disorders: a genetically informative population study of 3 million individuals in Sweden.

Background: Causes of the comorbidity of substance misuse with anxiety-related and depressive disorders (anxiety/depression) remain poorly known. We estimated associations of substance misuse and anxiety/depression in the general population and tested them while accounting for genetic and shared environmental factors.

Methods: We studied individuals born in Sweden 1968-1997 (n = 2 996 398) with follow-up in nationwide register data for 1997-2013.

Association between pharmacotherapy for ADHD in offspring and depression-related specialty care visits by parents with a history of depression.

Background: Pharmacotherapy is effective in reducing the core symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). We aimed to investigate the concurrent association between pharmacotherapy for ADHD in offspring and depression-related specialty care visits by the parents with a history of depression.

Methods: Using data from a variety of Swedish national registers, we conducted a cohort study with 8-year follow-up of 5605 parents (3872 mothers and 1733 fathers) who had a history of depression and an offspring diagnosed with ADHD.

Genome-wide association study identifies eight risk loci and implicates metabo-psychiatric origins for anorexia nervosa.

Characterized primarily by a low body-mass index, anorexia nervosa is a complex and serious illness, affecting 0.9-4% of women and 0.3% of men, with twin-based heritability estimates of 50-60%.

Associations Between Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Various Eating Disorders: A Swedish Nationwide Population Study Using Multiple Genetically Informative Approaches.

Background: Although attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and eating disorders (EDs) frequently co-occur, little is known about the shared etiology. In this study, we comprehensively investigated the genetic association between ADHD and various EDs, including anorexia nervosa (AN) and other EDs such as bulimia nervosa.

Methods: We applied different genetically informative designs to register-based information of a Swedish nationwide population (N = 3,550,118).

Factors Associated with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Medication Use in Community Care Settings.

Objectives: To examine patient- and provider-level factors associated with receiving attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) medication treatment in a community care setting. We hypothesized that the likelihood of ADHD medication receipt would be lower in groups with specific patient sociodemographic (eg, female sex, race other than white) and clinical (eg, comorbid conditions) characteristics as well as physician characteristics (eg, older age, more years since completing training).

Study Design: A retrospective cohort study was conducted with 577 children (mean age, 7.

Methylphenidate and the risk of psychosis in adolescents and young adults: a population-based cohort study.

Background: There is a clinical concern that prescribing methylphenidate, the most common pharmacological treatment for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), might increase the risk of psychotic events, particularly in young people with a history of psychosis. We aimed to determine whether the risk of psychotic events increases immediately after initiation of methylphenidate treatment or, in the longer term, 1 year after treatment initiation in adolescents and young adults with and without a previously diagnosed psychotic disorder.

Methods: In this cohort study, we used population-based observational data from the Swedish Prescribed Drug Register, the National Patient Register, and the Total Population Register, three population-based registers containing data on all individuals in Sweden, to attain data on sex, birth, death, migration, medication use, and psychotic events for all eligible participants.

Associations between autistic-like traits and polymorphisms in NFKBIL1.

Objective: The immune system has been suggested to be associated with neuropsychiatric disorders; for example, elevated levels of cytokines and the inflammation-related transcription factor nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) have been reported in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The aim of this study was to investigate possible associations between autistic-like traits (ALTs) and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in NFKB1 (encoding a subunit of the NF-κB protein complex) and NF-κB inhibitor-like protein 1 (NFKBIL1).

Methods: The study was conducted in a cohort from the general population: The Child and Adolescent Twin Study in Sweden (CATSS, n = 12 319, 9-12 years old).

Automated Identification of Optimal Portal Venous Phase Timing with Convolutional Neural Networks.

Objectives: To develop a deep learning-based algorithm to automatically identify optimal portal venous phase timing (PVP-timing) so that image analysis techniques can be accurately performed on post contrast studies.

Methods: 681 CT-scans (training: 479 CT-scans; validation: 202 CT-scans) from a multicenter clinical trial in patients with liver metastases from colorectal cancer were retrospectively analyzed for algorithm development and validation. An additional external validation was performed on a cohort of 228 CT-scans from gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine cancer patients.

Body dissatisfaction in adolescent boys.

Body dissatisfaction is a significant mental health symptom present in adolescent girls and boys. However, it is often either disregarded in adolescent boys or examined using assessments that may not resonate with males. The present study addresses these issues, examining the manifestation, etiology, and correlates of 3 facets of body dissatisfaction in adolescent boys.

Stress related disorders and risk of cardiovascular disease: population based, sibling controlled cohort study.

Objective: To assess the association between stress related disorders and subsequent risk of cardiovascular disease.

Design: Population based, sibling controlled cohort study.

Setting: Population of Sweden.

Testing Bidirectional Associations Between Childhood Aggression and BMI: Results from Three Cohorts.

Objective: This study examined the prospective, potentially bidirectional association of aggressive behavior with BMI and body composition across childhood in three population-based cohorts.

Methods: Repeated measures of aggression and BMI were available from the Generation R Study between ages 6 and 10 years (N = 3,974), the Netherlands Twin Register (NTR) between ages 7 and 10 years (N = 10,328), and the Swedish Twin Study of Child and Adolescent Development (TCHAD) between ages 9 and 14 years (N = 1,462). In all samples, aggression was assessed with the Child Behavior Checklist.

Parental Education and Genetics of BMI from Infancy to Old Age: A Pooled Analysis of 29 Twin Cohorts.

Objective: The objective of this study was to analyze how parental education modifies the genetic and environmental variances of BMI from infancy to old age in three geographic-cultural regions.

Methods: A pooled sample of 29 cohorts including 143,499 twin individuals with information on parental education and BMI from age 1 to 79 years (299,201 BMI measures) was analyzed by genetic twin modeling.

Results: Until 4 years of age, parental education was not consistently associated with BMI.

Children With Early-Onset Disruptive Behavior: Parental Mental Disorders Predict Poor Psychosocial Functioning in Adolescence.

Objective: Parental mental disorders (MD) and child early-onset disruptive behavior (DB) are well-established risk factors for poor outcomes in adolescence. However, it is not clear whether parental MD increases risk of future maladjustment among children who already display DB.

Method: Parents of 9-year-old children reported on child DB, whereas a patient registry was used to determine parental MD.

Visual Disengagement: Genetic Architecture and Relation to Autistic Traits in the General Population.

Visual disengagement has been hypothesized as an endophenotype for autism. In this study we used twin modelling to assess the role of genetics in basic measures of visual disengagement, and tested their putative association to autistic traits in the general population. We used the Gap Overlap task in a sample of 492 twins.