Imaging of electric-field-induced domain structure in DyMnO nanocrystals.

Multiferroic materials that exhibit interacting and coexisting properties, like ferroelectricity and ferromagnetism, possess significant potential in the development of novel technologies that can be controlled through the application of external fields. They also exhibit varying regions of polarity, known as domains, with the interfaces that separate the domains referred to as domain walls. In this study, using three-dimensional (3D) bragg coherent diffractive imaging (BCDI), we investigate the dynamics of multiferroic domain walls in a single hexagonal dysprosium manganite (h-DyMnO ) nanocrystal under varying applied electric field.

Do newer drugs treat fewer diseases, controlling for time since launch? Evidence from France and the U.S.

Background: More recently approved drugs have significantly fewer indications than drugs approved many years ago. One possible reason for this may be that, controlling for the number of years since approval or launch, more recently approved drugs have fewer indications (e.g.

Three-dimensional domain identification in a single hexagonal manganite nanocrystal.

The three-dimensional domain structure of ferroelectric materials significantly influences their properties. The ferroelectric domain structure of improper multiferroics, such as YMnO, is driven by a non-ferroelectric order parameter, leading to unique hexagonal vortex patterns and topologically protected domain walls. Characterizing the three-dimensional structure of these domains and domain walls has been elusive, however, due to a lack of suitable imaging techniques.

Has pharmaceutical innovation reduced the average cost of U.S. health care episodes?

A number of authors have argued that technological innovation has increased U.S. health care spending.

The Relationship Between Pharmaceutical Innovation and Cancer Mortality in Spain, From 1999 to 2016.

Objectives: To investigate the relationship across cancer sites between pharmaceutical innovation and changes in cancer mortality in Spain during the period between 1999 and 2016.

Methods: I investigated whether the cancer sites for which more new drugs were authorized had larger reductions in mortality from 1999 to 2016 in Spain, controlling for the lagged change in cancer incidence. The principal measure of pharmaceutical innovation is the long-run change in the mean vintage (year of initial authorization in Spain) of the drugs for the treatment of a cancer previously authorized in Spain.

Number of drugs provided by the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme and mortality and hospital utilization in Australia, 2002-2019.

We analyze the relationship between long-run changes in the drugs provided by the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS) and mortality and hospital utilization in Australia, by analyzing the correlation across diseases between the change in the number of drugs used to treat the disease provided and the subsequent change in mortality or hospital utilization from that disease. Our estimates indicate that diseases for which there were larger increases in the number of PBS drugs tended to have smaller subsequent growth in premature (before ages 85, 75, and 65) mortality. Diseases for which there was larger growth in the number of PBS drugs also tended to have smaller growth in the number of hospital days 2-10 years later.

The Impact of Biopharmaceutical Innovation on Disability, Social Security Recipiency, and Use of Medical Care of U.S. Community Residents, 1998-2015.

This study seeks to analyze the overall impact that biopharmaceutical innovation had on disability, Social Security recipiency, and the use of medical services of U.S. community residents during the period 1998-2015.

The effect of pharmaceutical innovation on longevity: Evidence from the U.S. and 26 high-income countries.

This study examines the impact that pharmaceutical innovation, which accounts for most private biomedical research expenditure, has had on longevity. We perform two types of two-way fixed-effects analyses, which control for the effects of many potentially confounding variables. First, we analyze long-run (2006-2018) changes in longevity associated with different diseases in a single country: the U.

Are drug prices subject to creative destruction? Evidence from the US, 1997-2017.

There are several types of pharmaceutical competition. In addition to competition among producers of the same chemical substance ("within-substance competition"), there may be competition among producers of different chemical substances in the same chemical subgroup ("between-substance competition"). There have been numerous econometric studies of the effect of within-substance competition on drug prices, but empirical evidence about the effect of between-substance competition is far more limited.

The impact of pharmaceutical innovation on the longevity and hospitalization of New Zealand cancer patients, 1998-2017.

Background: We investigate whether the cancer sites that experienced more pharmaceutical innovation in New Zealand had larger subsequent declines in premature mortality and hospitalization rates and larger subsequent increases in 5-year survival rates, controlling for changes in incidence.

Research Design And Methods: We estimate the effects of the number of WHO ATC5 chemical substances and ATC4 chemical subgroups approved on the number of years of potential life lost before ages 85, 75, 65, 5-year relative survival rates, and the number of inpatient hospital discharges, by estimating difference-in-differences (2-way fixed-effects) models using aggregate longitudinal data on 23 cancer sites.

Results: Substances/subgroups approved during 1985-2001 reduced the number of years of potential life lost before age 85 (YPLL85) in 2017 by 67%.

Are estimates of 'potential gains in life expectancy' potentially unreliable?

Objectives: The objective of this study was to investigate whether estimates of 'potential gains in life expectancy' (PGLE) are potentially unreliable.

Study Design: We compare the sum of the PGLEs from actual 1999-2017 reductions in U.S.

Are patients more adherent to newer drugs?

The annual preventable cost from non-adherence in the US health care system amounts to $100 billion. While the relationship between adherence and the health system, the condition, patient characteristics and socioeconomic factors are established, the role of the heterogeneous productivity of drug treatment remains ambiguous. In this study, we perform cross-sectional retrospective analyses to study whether patients who use newer drugs are more adherent to pharmacotherapy than patients using older drugs within the same therapeutic class, accounting for unobserved heterogeneity at the individual level (e.

The impact of pharmaceutical innovation on the burden of disease in Ireland, 2000-2015.

Background: We perform an econometric assessment of the impact that pharmaceutical innovation had on the burden of disease in Ireland.

Methods: We use a difference-in-differences (or two-way fixed effects) research design: we investigate whether diseases for which more new drugs were launched had larger subsequent reductions in mortality. This design controls for the effects of general economic and societal factors (e.

How cost-effective are new cancer drugs in the U.S.?

: More than 8 times as many new cancer drugs were approved during 2005-2015 as were approved during 1975-1985 (66 vs. 8). The average annual 2010-2014 growth rate of U.

The impact of pharmaceutical innovation on the burden of disease in Canada, 2000-2016.

We perform an econometric assessment of the role that pharmaceutical innovation-the introduction and use of new drugs-has played in reducing the burden of disease in Canada, by investigating whether diseases for which more new drugs were launched had larger subsequent reductions in disease burden. Since utilization of a drug reaches a peak about 12-14 years after it was launched, we allow for considerable lags in the relationship between new drug launches and the burden of disease. We analyze the impact of new drug launches on a comprehensive measure of disease burden-the age-standardized disability-adjusted life-years lost (DALY) rate-and on its two components: the age-standardized years of life lost (YLL) and years lost to disability (YLD) rates.

The Impact of New Drug Launches on Hospitalization in 2015 for 67 Medical Conditions in 15 OECD Countries: A Two-Way Fixed-Effects Analysis.

There are two types of prescription drug cost offsets. The first type of cost offset - from prescription drug use - is primarily about the effect of changes in drug quantity (e.g.

How many life-years have new drugs saved? A three-way fixed-effects analysis of 66 diseases in 27 countries, 2000-2013.

Background: We analyzed the role that the launch of new drugs has played in reducing the number of years of life lost (YLL) before three different ages (85, 70 and 55 y) due to 66 diseases in 27 countries.

Methods: We estimated two-way fixed-effects models of the rate of decline of the disease- and country-specific age-standardized YLL rate. The models control for the average decline in the YLL rate in each country and from each disease.

The impact of access to prescription drugs on disability in eleven European countries.

Background: Clinical studies have shown that the use of certain drugs can reduce disability. Access to prescription drugs varies across countries. Even when the total number of drugs launched in two countries is similar, the specific drugs that were launched, and the diseases those drugs are used to treat, may differ.

Atomic-Scale Origin of the Quasi-One-Dimensional Metallic Conductivity in Strontium Niobates with Perovskite-Related Layered Structures.

The quasi-one-dimensional (1D) metallic conductivity of the perovskite-related SrNbO compounds is of continuing fundamental physical interest as well as being important for developing advanced electronic devices. The SrNbO compounds can be derived by introducing additional oxygen into the SrNbO perovskite. However, the physical origin for the transition of electrical properties from the three-dimensional (3D) isotropic conductivity in SrNbO to the quasi-1D metallic conductivity in SrNbO requires more in-depth clarification.

The Impact of Pharmaceutical Innovation on Cancer Mortality in Belgium, 2004-2012.

Cancer mortality declined in Belgium during the period 2004-2012, but there was considerable variation in the rate of decline across cancer sites (breast, lung, etc.). I analyze the effect that pharmaceutical innovation had on cancer mortality in Belgium, by investigating whether the cancer sites that experienced more pharmaceutical innovation had larger subsequent declines in mortality, controlling for changes in cancer incidence.

The impact of pharmaceutical innovation on premature cancer mortality in Switzerland, 1995-2012.

The premature cancer mortality rate has been declining in Switzerland, but there has been considerable variation in the rate of decline across cancer sites (e.g., breast or digestive organs).

Patterning Oxide Nanopillars at the Atomic Scale by Phase Transformation.

Phase transformations in crystalline materials are common in nature and often modify dramatically properties of materials. The ability to precisely control them with a high spatial precision represents a significant step forward in realizing new functionalities in confined dimensions. However, such control is extremely challenging particularly at the atomic scale due to the intricacies in governing thermodynamic conditions with a high spatial accuracy.

The impact of pharmaceutical innovation on premature cancer mortality in Canada, 2000-2011.

The premature cancer mortality rate has been declining in Canada, but there has been considerable variation in the rate of decline across cancer sites. I analyze the effect that pharmaceutical innovation had on premature cancer mortality in Canada during the period 2000-2011, by investigating whether the cancer sites that experienced more pharmaceutical innovation had larger declines in the premature mortality rate, controlling for changes in the incidence rate. Premature mortality before age 75 is significantly inversely related to the cumulative number of drugs registered at least 10 years earlier.

The impact of recent chemotherapy innovation on the longevity of myeloma patients: US and international evidence.

The longevity of multiple myeloma patients increased sharply since the late 1990s. This increase coincided with the introduction of several important innovations in chemotherapy for myeloma. In this study, we aim to quantify the impact of recent chemotherapy innovation on the longevity of myeloma patients using both time-series US data and longitudinal data on 38 countries.