effector EgeA facilitates infection by hijacking TANGO1 and SCFD1 from ER-Golgi exit sites to pathogen-occupied inclusions.

The obligatory intracellular bacterium causes human granulocytic anaplasmosis, an emerging zoonosis. has limited biosynthetic and metabolic capacities, yet it effectively replicates inside of inclusions/vacuoles of eukaryotic host cells. Here, we describe a unique Type IV secretion system (T4SS) effector, R-olgi xit site protein of (EgeA).

The molecular characterization of Rab11 and its immune roles in red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii).

The Rab proteins primarily regulate vesicular transport between membrane-bound organelles and are important for innate immune. However, there is currently a lack of studies on crustaceans regarding Rab proteins, particularly core Rabs. We identified a Rab11 gene from Procambarus clarkii (PcRab11) and evaluated its potential involvement in immune response.

Hemolymph exosomes inhibit Spiroplasma eriocheiris infection by promoting Tetraspanin-mediated hemocyte phagocytosis in crab.

Exosomes released from infected cells are thought to play an important role in the dissemination of pathogens, as well as in host-derived immune molecules during infection. As an intracellular pathogen, Spiroplasma eriocheiris is harmful to multiple crustaceans. However, the immune mechanism of exosomes during Spiroplasma infection has not been investigated.

Functional roles of CcGSDMEa-like in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) after Aeromonas hydrophila infection.

GSDMs could punch holes in cell membrane and participate in the immune response to bacterial infections. In current study, the molecular and structural characteristics of CcGSDMEa-like were analyzed, and the role of CcGSDMEa-like in the inflammatory response against Aeromonas hydrophila was studied. The results showed that the CcGSDMEa-like shared the conserved structural characteristics with GSDMEs of other teleosts.

Research progress of pattern recognition receptors in red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii).

Though Procambarus clarkii (red swamp crayfish) is a lower invertebrate, it has nonetheless developed a complex innate immune system. The crayfish farming industry has suffered considerable economic losses in recent years as a consequence of bacterial and viral diseases. Hence, perhaps the most effective ways to prevent microbial infections in P.

Screening and functional analysis of three Spiroplasma eriocheiris glycosylated protein interactions with Macrobrachium nipponense C-type lectins.

N-glycosylation, one of the main protein posttranslational modifications (PTMs), plays an important role in the pathogenic process of pathogens through binding and invasion of host cells or regulating the internal environment of host cells to benefit their survival. However, N-glycosylation has remained mostly unexplored in Spiroplasma eriocheiris, a novel type of pathogen which has serious adverse effects on aquaculture. In most cases, N-glycoproteins can be detected and analyzed by lectins dependent on sugar recognition domains.

Full-length transcriptome sequencing and comparative transcriptome analysis of in response to infection by the microsporidian .

As a new generation of high-throughput sequencing technology, PacBio Iso-Seq technology (Iso-Seq) provides a better alternative sequencing method for the acquisition of full-length unigenes. In this study, a total of 22.27 gigabyte (Gb) subread bases and 128,614 non-redundant unigenes (mean length: 2,324 bp) were obtained from six main tissues of including the heart, nerve, intestine, muscle, gills and hepatopancreas.

Induction and potential molecular mechanism of the enhanced immune response in Procambarus clarkii after secondary encountered with Aeromonas veronii.

For a long time, it was believed that invertebrates do not possess acquired immunity and mainly rely on innate immunity for protection against pathogens infection. However, an increasing number of studies have suggested that some form of "immune memory" can be initiated in invertebrates after primary exposure to the pathogen, which was defined as "specific immune priming". In the present study, two experiments were carried out to determine whether specific immune priming can be induced in crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) by Aeromonas veronii, if so, to identify the underlying mechanism.

Interleukin (IL)-22 in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.): Immune modulation, antibacterial defense, and activation of the JAK-STAT signaling pathway.

Interleukin (IL)-22 is an IL-10 family cytokine secreted by CD4 T cells and plays an important role in regulating inflammation and infection elimination. IL-22 homologues have been reported in the teleost, but the functions of IL-22 are still unclear. In this study, we identified two duplicated IL-22 genes in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.

Molecular characteristics of interleukin (IL)-17A/F3 and its immune response on the pathogen and functional regulation on cytokines in common carp Cyprinus carpio L.

Fish interleukin (IL)-17A/F is homologous with mammalian IL-17A and IL-17F, which plays a key role in regulating inflammatory responses and autoimmune diseases. In fish, IL-17A/F1, 2, and 3 have been identified and described. However, IL-17A/F3 has received little attention in fish.

Molecular characterization of Rab7 and its involvement in innate immunity in red swamp crayfish Procambarus clarkii.

Rab7 is a member of the Rab GTPases protein family, and it plays an essential role in regulating trafficking organelles in higher animals. However, recent studies showed that it also participated in the immune response and cytophagy against pathogens in invertebrates. In the present study, the full-length of Rab7 from Procambarus clarkii (PcRab7) was cloned, and its function during pathogen infection and phagocytosis of haemocytes was also explored.

Ubiquitin-modified proteome analysis of Eriocheir sinensis hemocytes during Spiroplasma eriocheiris infection.

Spiroplasma eriocheiris, the pathogen of Eriocheir sinensis tremor disease (TD), has bring a huge economic loss to China aquaculture. The hemocytes of crab as the first target cells of S. eriocheiris, but the interactive relationship between the E.

Genome-wide analysis of DNA methylation and risk of cardiovascular disease in a Chinese population.

Background: Systemic studies of association of genome-wide DNA methylated sites with cardiovascular disease (CVD) in prospective cohorts are lacking. Our aim was to identify DNA methylation sites associated with the risk of CVD and further investigate their potential predictive value in CVD development for high-risk subjects.

Methods: We performed an epigenome-wide association study (EWAS) to identify CpGs related to CVD development in a Chinese population.

An intracellular nanobody targeting T4SS effector inhibits infection.

Infection with obligatory intracellular bacteria is difficult to treat, as intracellular targets and delivery methods of therapeutics are not well known. translocated factor-1 (Etf-1), a type IV secretion system (T4SS) effector, is a primary virulence factor for an obligatory intracellular bacterium, In this study, we developed Etf-1-specific nanobodies (Nbs) by immunizing a llama to determine if intracellular Nbs block Etf-1 functions and infection. Of 24 distinct anti-Etf-1 Nbs, NbD7 blocked mitochondrial localization of Etf-1-GFP in cotransfected cells.

TMT-based quantitative proteomic analysis of Eriocheir sinensis hemocytes and thoracic ganglion during Spiroplasma eriocheiris infection.

Spiroplasma eriocheiris, a novel pathogen of Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis tremor disease, has led into catastrophic economic losses in aquaculture. S. eriocheiris invaded the hemocytes in the early stage, then invaded nerve tissue and caused typically paroxysmal tremors of pereiopod in the late stage of infection.

Bmi1 counteracts hematopoietic stem cell aging by repressing target genes and enforcing the stem cell gene signature.

Polycomb-group proteins are critical regulators of stem cells. We previously demonstrated that Bmi1, a component of polycomb repressive complex 1, defines the regenerative capacity of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). Here, we attempted to ameliorate the age-related decline in HSC function by modulating Bmi1 expression.

Invasion Into Hemocytes Is Mediated by Pathogen Enolase and Host Lipopolysaccharide and β-1, 3-Glucan Binding Protein.

is a crustacean pathogen, without a cell wall, that causes enormous economic loss. hemocytes are the major targets during infection. As wall-less bacteria, , its membrane protein should interact with host membrane protein directly and firstly when invaded in host cell.

Bmi1 restricts the adipogenic differentiation of bone marrow stromal cells to maintain the integrity of the hematopoietic stem cell niche.

The polycomb group protein Bmi1 maintains hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) functions. We previously reported that Bmi1-deficient mice exhibited progressive fatty changes in bone marrow (BM). A large portion of HSCs reside in the perivascular niche created partly by endothelial cells and leptin receptor (LepR) BM stromal cells.

Systematic prediction of familial hypercholesterolemia caused by low-density lipoprotein receptor missense mutations.

Background And Aims: Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is a an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by very high levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). It is estimated that >85% of all FH-causing mutations involve genetic variants in the LDL receptor (LDLR). To date, 795 single amino acid LDLR missense mutations have been reported in the Leiden Open Variation Database (LOVD).

Hematopoietic insults damage bone marrow niche by activating p53 in vascular endothelial cells.

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are exposed to various insults such as genotoxic stress, inflammation, and infection, which have a direct effect. These insults deplete, cause a functional decline in, and promote HSC aging and transformation. However, the impact of hematopoietic insults on niche cells remains largely unknown.

Spiroplasma eriocheiris induces mouse 3T6-Swiss albino cell apoptosis that associated with the infection mechanism.

Spiroplasma eriocheiris is a novel pathogen similar to the Spiroplasma mirum and also had an ability to infect the newborn mice and caused cataract. Our study was designed to study how S. eriocheiris infects mouse 3T6-Swiss albino cells and to elucidate the cellular molecular pathogenesis of Spiroplasma.

Interaction of heat shock protein 60 (HSP60) with microRNA in Chinese mitten crab during Spiroplasma eriocheiris infection.

Heat shock protein 60 from the Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis (EsHSP60) was previously identified in relation to Spiroplasma eriocheiris infection by isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation labelling followed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. In the present study, to validate the immune function of this protein, the cDNA of the EsHSP60 gene was cloned. Various crab tissues were assessed using real-time PCR, which showed that EsHSP60 transcription occurred in all tissues examined.