Urinary formic acid is associated with cerebral amyloid deposition and glucose metabolism in memory clinic patients.

Background: Urinary formic acid (FA) has been reported to be a biomarker for Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the association between FA and pathological changes in memory clinic patients is currently unclear.

Objective: This study aims to investigate associations between FA and pathological changes across different cognitive statuses in memory clinic patients.

Comparative effect of saxagliptin and glimepiride with a composite endpoint of adequate glycaemic control without hypoglycaemia and without weight gain in patients uncontrolled with metformin therapy: Results from the SPECIFY study, a 48-week, multi-centre, randomized, controlled trial.

Aims: To compare the efficacy and safety of saxagliptin and glimepiride in type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients who are inadequately controlled with metformin monotherapy.

Materials And Methods: In this 48-week, multi-centre, open-label, randomized, parallel trial (NCT02280486, clinicaltrials.gov), a total of 388 T2D patients were randomized 1:1 to saxagliptin or glimepiride groups.

Cardiovascular Autonomic Neuropathy Is an Independent Risk Factor for Left Ventricular Diastolic Dysfunction in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes.

Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the association between cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy (CAN) and left ventricular diastolic dysfunction (LVDD) in type 2 diabetes patients.

Methods: 315 type 2 diabetes patients from inpatients of Drum Tower Hospital were included and classified into no CAN (NCAN), possible CAN (PCAN), and definite CAN (DCAN) based on cardiovascular autonomic reflex tests. The left ventricular diastolic function was assessed by tissue Doppler imaging echocardiography.

M2 macrophages induce EMT through the TGF-β/Smad2 signaling pathway.

IPF is characterized by fibroblast accumulation, collagen deposition, and ECM remodeling, with myofibroblasts believed to be the effector cell type. Myofibroblasts develop due to EMT of lung alveolar epithelial cells, which can be induced by TGF-β. M2 macrophages, a macrophage subpopulation, secrete large amounts of TGF-β.