A minimally-disruptive portable electrochemical system is constructed by combining a hand-held syringe as reservoir with disposable screen-printed electrodes (SPEs) modified with a simple and efficient yeast/CoO/Au material for lead determination by a square-wave voltammetry (SWV) method. Not only can it preserve the operation and advantages of the conventional electrochemical procedure, but it also integrates sampling, filtering and analysis to make the determination of lead convenient and effective at higher and lower concentration levels. This is the first report of a microbial biosensor based on active yeast crosslinked to CoO/Au particles using glutaraldehyde as the crosslinking agent.
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