[Research of freely grazing and wild feces behaviors in schistosomiasis endemic areas of plateau mountain area in Yunnan Province].

Objective: To understand the situation of the freely grazing and wild feces behaviors of residents in plateau mountain area of schistosomiasis endemic areas in Yunnan Province.

Methods: Two villages of Xidian and Moguang in Heqing County, Yunnan Province were selected as the study area and the questionnaire surveys were performed to the randomly selected villagers aged 6 to 65 years with the sampling ratio of 30%. Then the respondents were tested for the infection of schistosomiasis by indirect hemagglutination assay (IHA).

[Research of water contact and labor practice of residents in plateau mountain schistosomiasis endemic areas in Yunnan Province].

Objective: To understand the status of water contact and labor practice of residents in plateau mountain schisto- somiasis endemic areas in Yunnan Province, so as to provide the evidence for formulating the strategy of prevention and control of schistosomiasis in the next step of work.

Methods: A total of 412 residents aged 6-65 years old in 2 villages were randomly sampled and investigated with questionnaires for their water contacts and labor practices in plateau valley schistosomiasis endem- ic areas. Then the schistosome infection status of the residents was surveyed with the indirect hemagglutination assay (IHA).

[Molluscicidal effect of 5% powder of niclosamide ethanolamine salt granules (NEG) in field of mountainous areas in Yunnan Province].

Objective: To evaluate the molluscicidal effect of 5% powder of niclosamide ethanolamine salt granules (NEG) in the field of mountainous areas in Yunnan Province.

Methods: The grasslands with Oncomelania hupensis snail habitats were chosen in Beideng Village, Heqing County, Yunnan Province, and were divided into 7 groups (groups of NEG 30 g/m2, NEG 40 g/m2, NEG 50 g/m2, NEG 40 g/m2 plus obstacle clearing, 50% niclosamide ethanolamine salt wettable powder (WPN) 6 g/m2, WPN 6 g/m2 plus obstacle clearing, and fresh water). The snail death rates and the densities of living snails were investigated and the results were compared in the different groups 7 d, 15 d, and 30 d after the implementation.

[Effect of comprehensive schistosomiasis control measures based on infection source control in mountainous areas of Yunnan Province].

Objective: To evaluate the effect of comprehensive schistosomiasis control measures based on infection source control in plateau mountain areas of Yunnan Province.

Methods: From 2006 to 2004, four administrative villages were selected as test areas from plateau canyon and plateau basin endemic areas in Jindun Town, Heqing County, two villages each type, and the comprehensive control measures were implemented, including the examination and treatment of schistosomiasis, Oncomelania hupensis snail survey and control, health education, improving drinking water and lavatories, banning grazing, constructing sanitary pen of livestock, replacing cattle with machine, etc. The schistosome infection state and snail status in 2006 were treated as the baseline information, and the effect of the comprehensive measures were evaluated.

[Effect of a novel plant molluscicide "Luo-wei" against Oncomelania hupensis in plateau mountain areas].

Objective: To evaluate the effect of a novel plant molluscicide, 4%"Luo-wei" (Tea-seed distilled saponins, TDS) against Oncomelania hupensis snails in plateau mountain areas in Yunnan Province.

Methods: The immersing and spraying experiments were carried out in the ditches and grassland of Xiaolian Administrative Village in Heqing County, Yunnan Province, to assess the molluscicidal effect of 4% TDS comparing with 50% wettable powder of niclosamide ethanolamine salt (WPN) in different environments and time.

Results: After immersion for 24, 48 h and 72 h, the snail death rates were 70.

[Effects of three kinds of molluscicides in fields of mountainous areas of Yunnan Province].

The molluscicidal effects of 10% salt of quinoid- 2' ,5-dichloro-4'-nitrosalicylanilide (LDS) with dusting method, 26% amine molluscicide (MNSC) and 50% niclosamide (WPN) with insufflation method were tested in the fields of mountainous areas of Yunnan Province. After 7, 15 and 30 days of the tests, the death rates of snails, decline rates of living snail densities, and occurrence rates of frames with living snails of the 10% LDS group were 72.69%-87.

[Effect of comprehensive control and management of schistosomiasis at plateaus regions in Yunnan Province].

Objective: To evaluate the effect of comprehensive control and management of schistosomiasis at plateaus regions in Yunnan Province.

Methods: Xiaolian and Kangfu villages at plateaus regions where schistosomiasis was endemic were selected as study areas from 2006 to 2011, the schistosomiasis comprehensive control measures were conducted, and these measures included the health education, chemotherapy, stool and water management, grazing forbidden, Oncomelania snail control, etc. combined with the infrastructure of farmland water conservancy, agricultural comprehensive development, adjustment of industry structure, returning farmland to forest, ditch hardening, and aquaculture.

[Molluscicidal effect of suspension concentrate of metaldehyde and niclosamide in fields of mountainous areas in Yunnan Province].

Objective: To evaluate the molluscicidal effect of 26% suspension concentrate of metaldehyde and niclosamide (MNSC) in the fields of mountainous areas in Yunnan Province.

Methods: Some representative Oncomelania snail environments of schistosomiasis endemic regions were selected as study areas in Heqing County, Yunnan Province and 26% MNSC and 50% wettable powder of niclosamide ethanolamine salt (WPN) were used to kill the snails with the mechanical spraying and sprinkler spraying methods respectively.

Results: Seven, 15, 30 days after the spraying with the mechanical spraying method, in corn fields, the snail mortality rates were from 88.

[Molluscicidal effect of LDS in mountainous areas of Yunnan Province].

Objective: To observe the molluscicidal effect of a novel molluscicide, salt of quinoid-2', 5-dichloro-4'-nitrosalicylanilide (LDS) on Oncomelania hupensis in laboratory and field of mountainous areas of Yunnan Province.

Methods: With the immersion method, 10% LDS with concentrations of 0.1, 0.