Meta-Analysis of Interobserver Agreement in Assessment of Interstitial Lung Disease Using High-Resolution CT.

Background High-resolution CT (HRCT) is central to the assessment of interstitial lung disease (ILD), and accurate classification of disease has important implications for patients. Evaluation of imaging features can be challenging, even for experienced thoracic radiologists. Previous work has provided equivocal evidence on the interpretation of HRCT features at ILD-related imaging.

Improving Prognostication in Pulmonary Hypertension Using AI-quantified Fibrosis and Radiologic Severity Scoring at Baseline CT.

Background There is clinical need to better quantify lung disease severity in pulmonary hypertension (PH), particularly in idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (IPAH) and PH associated with lung disease (PH-LD). Purpose To quantify fibrosis on CT pulmonary angiograms using an artificial intelligence (AI) model and to assess whether this approach can be used in combination with radiologic scoring to predict survival. Materials and Methods This retrospective multicenter study included adult patients with IPAH or PH-LD who underwent incidental CT imaging between February 2007 and January 2019.

Global pain levels before and during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Physical pain has trended upward globally over the last decade. Here, we explore whether the COVID-19 pandemic modified this alarming trend. We used data from 146 countries worldwide (510,247 respondents) to examine whether pain levels changed during the COVID-19 pandemic.

The effect of adverse employment circumstances on physical pain: Evidence from Australian panel data.

Physical pain is a common health problem with great public health implications. Yet evidence on whether adverse employment circumstances shape physical pain is limited. Using longitudinal data from 20 waves (2001-2020) from the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics of Australia Survey (HILDA; N = 23,748), a lagged design, Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regressions as well as multilevel mixed effect linear regressions, we investigated the association between past accumulated unemployment and recent employment circumstances with physical pain.

The impact of automatic enrolment on the mental health gap in pension participation: Evidence from the UK.

A large body of evidence shows that individuals with poor mental health have lower income over the lifespan but a dearth of evidence exists on how poor mental health affects savings behaviour. In this paper, we provide novel evidence of a mental health gap in pension participation in the UK using nationally representative longitudinal data from Understanding Society (UKHLS). Beginning in 2012, the UK government introduced automatic enrolment enabling us to assess the impact of one of the largest pension policy reforms in the world on this mental health gap.

Hypoxia shapes the immune landscape in lung injury and promotes the persistence of inflammation.

Hypoxemia is a defining feature of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), an often-fatal complication of pulmonary or systemic inflammation, yet the resulting tissue hypoxia, and its impact on immune responses, is often neglected. In the present study, we have shown that ARDS patients were hypoxemic and monocytopenic within the first 48 h of ventilation. Monocytopenia was also observed in mouse models of hypoxic acute lung injury, in which hypoxemia drove the suppression of type I interferon signaling in the bone marrow.

Worker Stress, Burnout, and Wellbeing Before and During the COVID-19 Restrictions in the United Kingdom.

COVID-19 created a transformational shift in the working environment for much of the labour force, yet its impact on workers is unclear. This study uses longitudinal data to examine the wellbeing of 621 full-time workers assessed before (November 2019-February 2020) and during (May-June 2020) the first lockdown in the United Kingdom. We employ fixed effects analyses to investigate the impact of the restrictions and mandatory homeworking on cognitive, emotional, and psychological wellbeing.

Lessons From the UK's Lockdown: Discourse on Behavioural Science in Times of COVID-19.

In recent years has quickly become embedded in national level governance. As the contributions of to the UK's COVID-19 response policies in early 2020 became apparent, a debate emerged in the British media about its involvement. This served as a unique opportunity to capture public discourse and representation of in a fast-track, high-stake context.

The influence of price and funding source disclosure on medication labels: Implications for intended adherence, perceived value and efficacy, and feelings of burden and guilt.

Objectives: To examine if informing people in free-at-the-point-of-use medical systems of the financial value of medicines, and priming them with the fact that the medication is funded by taxation, influences people's perceived value and efficacy of the medicines, feelings of burdensomeness and guilt, and intended adherence.

Design: An experiment was implemented to examine the impact of medication labelling featuring the presence (vs. absence) of the phrase 'funded by UK the taxpayer' and pricing information (absent vs.

Daily emotional well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic.

The COVID-19 outbreak has become one of the largest public health crises of our time. Governments have responded by implementing self-isolation and physical distancing measures that have profoundly impacted daily life throughout the world. In this study, we aimed to investigate how people experience the activities, interactions, and settings of their lives during the pandemic.

Over the Cuckoo's Nest: Does Experiencing Electroconvulsive Therapy Change Your Mind? A Mixed Methods Study of Attitudes and Impact of Electroconvulsive Therapy on Patients and Their Relatives.

Objective: Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is an effective treatment for major depressive disorder, but some aspects remain controversial. Few studies have taken an in-depth mixed methods approach toward the study of attitudes, and there are no significant studies that explore the change of attitudes before and after treatment. The aim was to compare attitudes of patients and their relatives before and after ECT using quantitative and qualitative methods.

Underemployment and psychological distress: Propensity score and fixed effects estimates from two large UK samples.

Background: The share of workers who work part-time because full-time jobs are not available remains larger compared to the period prior to the 2008 crisis. For part-time workers, being available to work more hours than offered may have negative mental health implications.

Method: Drawing on two nationally representative British surveys, we tested whether working less than 30 hours per week while preferring to work longer hours (underemployment) is associated with increased psychological distress.

Assessing Public Attitudes to Electroconvulsive Therapy: Validation of the Modified ECT Attitudes Questionnaire Using a Systematic Analysis.

Introduction: Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is an established treatment for major depressive disorder, yet it remains controversial. Attitudes toward ECT have been studied in members of the public and service users, with diverse findings. There is no systematically validated scale to quantify attitudes.

IL4Rα Signaling Abrogates Hypoxic Neutrophil Survival and Limits Acute Lung Injury Responses .

Acute respiratory distress syndrome is defined by the presence of systemic hypoxia and consequent on disordered neutrophilic inflammation. Local mechanisms limiting the duration and magnitude of this neutrophilic response remain poorly understood. To test the hypothesis that during acute lung inflammation tissue production of proresolution type 2 cytokines (IL-4 and IL-13) dampens the proinflammatory effects of hypoxia through suppression of HIF-1α (hypoxia-inducible factor-1α)-mediated neutrophil adaptation, resulting in resolution of lung injury.

Adolescent mental health and unemployment over the lifespan: Population evidence from Sweden.

Rationale: Symptoms of mental health problems have been shown to predict adverse labour market outcomes including unemployment, but no studies have used sibling models to examine the relationship between clinically diagnosed psychiatric conditions in adolescence and subsequent unemployment.

Objective: This study used extensive Swedish registry data to investigate the link between psychiatric conditions diagnosed during military conscription and unemployment over two decades. Further, we identified whether this relation was amplified during an economic downturn and tested whether it was affected by adjustment for unobserved family characteristics using sibling fixed-effects models.

The Great Recession and subjective well-being: How did the life satisfaction of people living in the United Kingdom change following the financial crisis?

The financial crisis of 2007/08 precipitated a severe global economic downturn, typically referred to as the Great Recession. However, in the United Kingdom this period has been marked by limited change in national indicators of subjective well-being. We assessed the life satisfaction change in response to the Great Recession in a sample of British adults (N = 8,661).

The scarring effect of unemployment on psychological well-being across Europe.

Past unemployment may have a pervasive psychological impact that occurs across nations. We investigate the association between unemployment events across working life and subsequent psychological well-being across 14 European countries. Additionally, we consider the influence of between-country differences in labour market institutions and conditions on the cross-country well-being effects of unemployment.

Central bank interest rate decisions, household indebtedness, and psychiatric morbidity and distress: Evidence from the UK.

Background: Central banks set economy-wide interest rates to meet exclusively economic objectives. There is a strong link between indebtedness and psychiatric morbidity at the individual level, with interest rates being an important factor determining ability to repay debt. However, no prior research has explored whether central bank interest rate changes directly influence mental health, nor whether this varies by levels of indebtedness.

Can Early Intervention Improve Maternal Well-Being? Evidence from a Randomized Controlled Trial.

Objective: This study estimates the effect of a targeted early childhood intervention program on global and experienced measures of maternal well-being utilizing a randomized controlled trial design. The primary aim of the intervention is to improve children's school readiness skills by working directly with parents to improve their knowledge of child development and parenting behavior. One potential externality of the program is well-being benefits for parents given its direct focus on improving parental coping, self-efficacy, and problem solving skills, as well as generating an indirect effect on parental well-being by targeting child developmental problems.

Adolescent conscientiousness predicts lower lifetime unemployment.

Existing research on Big Five personality and unemployment has relied on personality measures elicited after the respondents had already spent years in the labor market, an experience that could change personality. We clarify the direction of influence by using the British Cohort Study (N = 4,206) to examine whether conscientiousness and other Big Five personality traits at age 16-17 predict unemployment over age 16-42. Our hypothesis that higher conscientiousness in adolescence would predict lower unemployment was supported.

Childhood self-control predicts smoking throughout life: Evidence from 21,000 cohort study participants.

Objective: Low self-control has been linked with smoking, yet it remains unclear whether childhood self-control underlies the emergence of lifetime smoking patterns. We examined the contribution of childhood self-control to early smoking initiation and smoking across adulthood.

Methods: 21,132 participants were drawn from 2 nationally representative cohort studies; the 1970 British Cohort Study (BCS) and the 1958 National Child Development Study (NCDS).

Adolescent psychological distress, unemployment, and the Great Recession: Evidence from the National Longitudinal Study of Youth 1997.

Rationale: Several studies have shown a link between psychological distress in early life and subsequent higher unemployment, but none have used sibling models to account for the unobserved family background characteristics which may explain the relationship.

Objective: This paper uses the National Longitudinal Study of Youth 1997 data to examine whether adolescent psychological distress in 2000 predicts higher unemployment over 2000-11, whether this relationship changed in the period following the Great Recession, and whether it is robust to adjustment for family effects.

Methods: 7125 cohort members (2986 siblings) self-reported their mental health in 2000 and employment activities over 2000-11.