Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA), the most common biliary tract malignancy, is arising from the bile duct epithelium with the global significantly increased morbidity and mortality. Here, we showed the effect of guggulsterone, a steroid found in the resin of the guggul plant, on human HuCC-T1 and RBE CCA cells. Exposure to various concentrations of guggulsterone for multiple action time resulted in significant apoptosis in the CCA cells via activating both extrinsic and intrinsic pathways.
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