The Osmolality and Hemolysis of High-Concentration Monoclonal Antibody Formulations.

Purposes: Highly concentrated monoclonal antibody (mAb) formulations for subcutaneous administration are becoming increasingly preferred within the biopharmaceutical industry for ease of use and improved patient compliance. A common phenomenon observed in the industry is that osmolality detected via freezing-point depression (FPD) in high-concentration mAb formulations is much higher than the theoretical concentrations, yet the occurrence of this phenomenon and its possible safety issues have been rarely reported.

Methods: The current study summarized theoretical osmolality of U.

Maslinic acid modulates glycogen metabolism by enhancing the insulin signaling pathway and inhibiting glycogen phosphorylase.

Aim: To investigate the molecular signaling mechanism by which the plant-derived, pentacyclic triterpene maslinic acid (MA) exerts anti-diabetic effects.

Method: HepG2 cells were stimulated with various concentrations of MA. The effects of MA on glycogen phosphorylase a (GPa) activity and the cellular glycogen content were measured.