Retraction Note: Antisense oligonucleotides targeting midkine inhibit tumor growth in an in situ human hepatocellular carcinoma model.

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.

Retraction Note: Antisense oligonucleotides targeting midkine induced apoptosis and increased chemosensitivity in hepatocellular carcinoma cells.

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.

Inhibitory effect of midkine-binding peptide on tumor proliferation and migration.

Background: To investigate the inhibitory effect of midkine-binding peptides on human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) proliferation and angiogenesis of xenograft tumor.

Methods: The midkine-binding peptides were panned by Ph.D.

Upregulation of miR-1280 expression in non-small cell lung cancer tissues.

Background: Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is a prolific and high-mortality disease with few effective treatments. Although the detection and surgical techniques for NSCLC continue to advance, the survival rate for the patients with NSCLC remains poor. Enhanced predictive biomarkers such as microRNAs (miRNAs) are needed at the time of diagnosis to better tailor therapies for patients.

Development of hybrid-type modified chitosan derivative nanoparticles for the intracellular delivery of midkine-siRNA in hepatocellular carcinoma cells.

Background: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common cancers worldwide. Most of the patients with HCC lose the surgical opportunity at the time of diagnosis. Some novel therapeutic modalities, like gene therapy, are promising for the treatment of HCC.

[Development of EV71, CA16 and other enterovirus vrial real-time qualitative PCR diagnostic kit].

Objective: A novel multiplex real-time RT-PCR kit was developed to detect EV71, CoxA16 and other human enteroviruses simultaneously with an internal amplification control to avoids false negatives, which used for hand, foot and mouth disease in the clinical diagnosis and epidemiological surveillance.

Methods: Design specific primers and probes of EV71, CA16, other intestinal virus and internal amplification control, improve the extraction method of virus nucleic acid. Optimization the detection system of real-time quantitative PCR.

Large scale preparation of midkine antisense oligonucleotides nanoliposomes by a cross-flow injection technique combined with ultrafiltration and high-pressure extrusion procedures.

The midkine antisense oligonucleotide (MK-ASODN, 5'-CCC CGG GCC GCC CTT CTT CA-3') nanoliposomes have been identified to suppress hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) growth effectively, and have a great potential to be an effective target drug for HCC. In this study, a facile and reproducible method for large-scale preparation of MK-ASODN nanoliposomes followed by lyophilization has been developed successfully. Meanwhile, the MK-ASODN nanoliposomes characteristics, storage stability and their antitumor efficiency were studied.

Novel functional proteins interact with midkine in hepatic cancer cells.

Background: Midkine is a heparin-binding growth factor that promotes the proliferation, survival, migration and differentiation of various target cells. Midkine plays an important role in tumorigenesis and tumor progression, and is overexpressed in many human malignant tumors. Patients with high tumor midkine expression frequently have a worse prognosis than those with low expression.

Progranulin expression in breast cancer with different intrinsic subtypes.

Progranulin is a newly discovered 88-kDa glycoprotein originally purified from the highly tumorigenic mouse teratoma-derived cell line PC. We found that high progranulin expression was associated with higher breast carcinoma angiogenesis, reflected by increased vascular endothelial growth factor expression and higher microvessel density. However, no immunohistochemical evidence currently exists to correlate progranulin expression with clinicopathological features in different intrinsic subtypes of breast carcinoma biopsies.

Clinicopathologic and prognostic implications of progranulin in breast carcinoma.

Background: Progranulin is a newly discovered 88-kDa glycoprotein originally purified from the highly tumorigenic mouse teratoma-derived cell line PC. Its expression is closely correlated with the development and metastasis of several cancers. However, no immunohistochemical evidence currently exists to correlate progranulin expression with clinicopathologic features in breast carcinoma biopsies, and the role of progranulin as a new marker of metastatic risk and prognosis in breast cancer has not yet been studied.

Preparation and preliminary characterization of rabbit monoclonal antibodies against human midkine.

We prepared rabbit monoclonal antibodies that target human midkine (MK). The MK gene was amplified by PCR from the plasmid pEGFP-MK and subcloned into the prokaryotic expression vector pGEX-1λT to generate an N-terminally glutathione S-transferase (GST)-tagged fusion protein construct. Expression of the GST-MK fusion protein was achieved by IPTG induction in Escherichia coli cells.

Expression of midkine and endoglin in breast carcinomas with different immunohistochemical profiles.

The aim of this study was to investigate the midkine and endoglin expression in breast carcinomas with five different immunohistochemical profiles and their relevance to histopathologic and clinicopathologic features. We analyzed 161 archival tissues immunohistologically. The level of midkine expression in breast cancer significantly correlated with lymph node metastasis (p = 0.

Allele polymorphisms of interleukin-10 and hepatitis B, C virus infection.

Background: Interleukin 10 (IL-10) is an important cytokine with anti-inflammatory, anti-immune and anti-fibrotic functions. This study aimed at evaluating the relationship between allele polymorphisms in the IL-10 promoter region and hepatitis B virus (HBV) or hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection.

Methods: The odds ratios (ORs) of IL-10 allele distributions in patients with HBV or HCV infection were analyzed against healthy controls.

Promotion of self-renewal of embryonic stem cells by midkine.

Aim: To characterize the expression and function of midkine (MK) in an in vitro embryonic stem cell (ESC) culture system.

Methods: To investigate the potential roles of MK, the expression of MK in ESCs was evaluated by RT-PCR and immunocytochemistry. The effects of MK on the self-renewal of ESCs were measured using alkaline phosphatase assays, immunocytochemistry, RT-PCR and colony-forming assays.

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma 34C>G polymorphism and colorectal cancer risk: a meta-analysis.

Aim: To investigate the association between peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-gamma) gene polymorphism 34 C>G and colorectal cancer (CRC), a meta-analysis review was performed in this report.

Methods: A systematic literature search and selection of eligible relevant studies were carried out. Nine independent studies with a total number of 4533 cases and 6483 controls were included in the meta-analysis on the association between polymorphism 34 C>G and CRC.

Histone deacetylase inhibitor promotes differentiation of embryonic stem cells into neural cells in adherent monoculture.

Background: Embryonic stem (ES) cells poss unlimited self-renewal capacity and the ability to differentiate into cell of all three germ layers in vitro. Induced differentiation of ES cells to neural lineage cells has great potential in basic study of neurogenesis and regeneration therapy of neurodegenerative diseases. Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors enhance histone acetylation so that globularly activate gene expression and may initiate multilineage differentiation.

5-Azacytidine facilitates osteogenic gene expression and differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells by alteration in DNA methylation.

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are considered to be one of the most promising therapeutic cell sources as they encompass a plasticity of multiple cell lineages. The challenge in using these cells lies in developing well-defined protocols for directing cellular differentiation to generate a desired lineage. In this study, we investigated the effect of 5-azacytidine, a DNA demethylating agent, on osteogenic differentiation of MSCs.

In vitro and in vivo suppression of hepatocellular carcinoma growth by midkine-antisense oligonucleotide-loaded nanoparticles.

Aim: To synthesize antisense oligonucleotides (ASODNs) of midkine (MK), package the ASODNs with nanoparticles, and to inhibit hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) growth using these nanoparticles.

Methods: HepG2 cell proliferation was analyzed in vitro using the 3-(4,5-dimethythiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2Htetrazolium, inner salt assay. The in vivo activity of nanoparticles delivering the MK-ASODNs was analyzed by histopathological and immunohistochemical staining and quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (PCR).

Midkine translocated to nucleoli and involved in carcinogenesis.

Midkine (MK) is a heparin-binding growth factor with its gene first identified in embryonal carcinoma cells at early stages of retinoic acid-induced differentiation. MK is frequently and highly expressed in a variety of human carcinomas. Furthermore, the blood MK level is frequently elevated with advance of human carcinomas, decreased after surgical removal of the tumors.

Midkine accumulated in nucleolus of HepG2 cells involved in rRNA transcription.

Aim: To investigate the ultrastructural location of midkine (MK) in nucleolus and function corresponding to its location.

Methods: To investigate the ultrastructural location of MK in nucleolus with immunoelectronic microscopy. To study the role that MK plays in ribosomal biogenesis by real-time PCR.

Different effects of nanophase and conventional hydroxyapatite thin films on attachment, proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells.

Unlabelled: It is suggested that nanophase hydroxyapatite (nHAP) might have advantages over conventional hydroxyapatite (cHAP) as a biomaterial for bone regeneration. To be a satisfactory candidate for bone tissue engineering, it is important to support the growth and differentiation of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs). The purpose of this study is to determine whether nHAP as cell growth substrata could give better support for attachment, proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs than cHAP.

In vitro differentiation of embryonic stem cells into hepatocytes induced by fibroblast growth factors and bone morphological protein-4.

The feasibility of transforming embryonic endoderm into different cell types is tightly controlled by mesodermal and septum transversumal signalings during early embryonic development. Here, an induction protocol tracing embryonic liver development was designed, in which, three growth factors, acid fibroblast growth factor, basic fibroblast growth factor and bone morphological protein-4 that secreted from pre-cardiac mesoderm and septum transversum mesenchyme, respectively, were employed to investigate their specific potency of modulating the mature hepatocyte proportion during the differentiation process. Results showed that hepatic differentiation took place spontaneously at a low level, however, supplements of the three growth factors gave rise to a significant up-regulation of mature hepatocytes.

Enhanced therapeutic effects of combined chemotherapeutic drugs and midkine antisense oligonucleotides for hepatocellular carcinoma.

Aim: To evaluate the effect of combined antisense oligonucleotides targeting midkine (MK-AS) and chemotherapeutic drugs [cisplatin(DDP), 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and adriamycin (ADM)] on inhibition of HepG2 cell proliferation, and to analyze the efficacy of MK-AS used in combined ADM in in situ human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) model.

Methods: HepG2 cells were treated with MK-AS and/or chemotherapeutic drugs mediated by Lipofectin, and cell growth activity was determined by MTS assay. An in situ HCC model was used in this experiment.