Fluazinam impairs oxidative phosphorylation and induces hyper/hypo-activity in a dose specific manner in zebrafish larvae.

Fluazinam is a pyridinamine fungicide that induces oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage in cells, and it has been reported to be neurotoxic. To characterize the biological effects of fluazinam, we assessed mitochondrial bioenergetics, dopamine system expression, and behavior of early life staged zebrafish (0.01 μM-0.

Comparison of Toxicities to Vibrio fischeri and Fish Based on Discrimination of Excess Toxicity from Baseline Level.

Investigations on the relationship of toxicities between species play an important role in the understanding of toxic mechanisms to environmental organisms. In this paper, the toxicity data of 949 chemicals to fish and 1470 chemicals to V. fischeri were used to investigate the modes of action (MOAs) between species.

Discrimination of excess toxicity from baseline level for ionizable compounds: Effect of pH.

The toxic effect can be affected by pH in water through affecting the degree of ionization of ionizable compounds. Wrong classification of mode of action can be made from the apparent toxicities. In this paper, the toxicity data of 61 compounds to Daphnia magna determined at three pH values were used to investigate the effect of pH on the discrimination of excess toxicity.

Effect of exposure routes on the relationships of lethal toxicity to rats from oral, intravenous, intraperitoneal and intramuscular routes.

The lethal toxicity values (log 1/LD(50)) of 527 aliphatic and aromatic compounds in oral, intravenous, intramuscular and intraperitoneal routes were used to investigate the relationships of log 1/LD(50) from different exposure routes. Regression analysis shows that the log 1/LD(50) values are well correlated between intravenous and intraperitoneal or intramuscular injections. However, the correlations between oral and intravenous or intraperitoneal routes are relatively poor.

Investigation on modes of toxic action to rats based on aliphatic and aromatic compounds and comparison with fish toxicity based on exposure routes.

The modes of toxic action (MOAs) play an important role in the assessment of the ecotoxicity of organic pollutants. However, few studies have been reported on the MOAs in rat toxicity. In this paper, the toxic contributions of functional groups in 1255 aromatic compounds were calculated from regression and were then compared with the toxic contributions in aliphatic compounds.

Relationship between lethal toxicity in oral administration and injection to mice: effect of exposure routes.

The lethal toxicity (LD₅₀) in oral administration, intravenous, intraperitoneal, intramuscular and subcutaneous injections were used to investigate relationships of log 1/LD₅₀ from different exposure routes. Regression analysis showed that log 1/LD₅₀ in oral route was related to the toxicity in injection route. This relationship in lethality between the two routes is apparently due to the same mechanisms of the compounds to the same species.

Discrimination of excess toxicity from narcotic effect: influence of species sensitivity and bioconcentration on the classification of modes of action.

The toxicity data of 2624 chemicals to fish, Daphniamagna, Tetrahymenapyriformis and Vibriofischeri were used to investigate the effects of species sensitivity and bioconcentration on excess toxicity. The results showed that 47 chemical classes were identified as having the same modes of action (MOAs) to all four species, but more than half of the classes were identified as having different MOAs. Difference in chemical MOAs is one of the reasons resulting in the difference in toxic effect to these four species.

Evaluation of toxicity data to green algae and relationship with hydrophobicity.

The quality of the biological activity data is of great importance for the development of algal quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) models. However, a number of algal QSAR models in the literature were developed based on toxicity data without considering the response endpoints, exposure periods and species sensitivity. In this paper, 2323 algal toxicity data (log 1/EC50) in different toxicity response endpoints for 1081 compounds to 26 algal species within different exposure periods (14 and 15 min; 24, 48, 72, 96, 168 and 192 h) were used to evaluate the quality of the toxicity data to green algae.

Investigation on the relationship between bioconcentration factor and distribution coefficient based on class-based compounds: The factors that affect bioconcentration.

Bioconcentration factor (BCF) is one of the most important parameters in the assessment of the potential hazard of new compounds in aquatic ecosystems. However, the factors that influence the estimation of BCFs for a large variety of chemicals have not been systemically investigated in the literature. In this paper, a large BCF data set containing 1088 nonionic and ionic organic compounds was used to study the relationship between BCF and molecular descriptors and influencing factors.

Investigation on baseline toxicity to rats based on aliphatic compounds and comparison with toxicity to fish: effect of exposure routes on toxicity.

The aim of this paper was to investigate baseline toxicity to rats and effect of exposure routes on toxicity in rats and fish. In this paper, 1588 industrial chemicals were selected to investigate baseline toxicity to rats. The results showed that rat toxicity varies around a constant for classified compounds or homologues.

The discrimination of excess toxicity from baseline effect: effect of bioconcentration.

Toxic ratio TR is a valuable tool in the discrimination of excess toxicity from baseline effect. Although some authors realized that internal effect concentration or critical body residual (CBR) calculated from bioconcentration factor (BCF) should be used in the TR, the effect of BCF on the discrimination of excess toxicity from baseline effect has not been investigated. In this paper, 951 acute toxicity data to fish (LC50) and 1088 BCFs were used to investigate the relationship between TR and BCF.

Linear and non-linear relationships between soil sorption and hydrophobicity: model, validation and influencing factors.

The hydrophobic parameter represented by the octanol/water partition coefficient (logP) is commonly used to predict the soil sorption coefficient (K(oc)). However, a simple non-linear relationship between logK(oc) and logP has not been reported in the literature. In the present paper, soil sorption data for 701 compounds was investigated.

Interspecies correlations of toxicity to eight aquatic organisms: theoretical considerations.

Interspecies correlations allow the prediction of toxicity to a number of other species. However, little attention has been paid to the theoretical considerations of the interspecies relationship based on the differences of bio-uptake and toxic mechanism between species. This study examines the interspecies correlations of toxicity between species of Vibrio fischeri, river bacteria, algae, Daphnia magna, carp, Tetrahymena pyriformis, fathead minnow and guppy based on the theoretical background.

Classification of toxicity of phenols to Tetrahymena pyriformis and subsequent derivation of QSARs from hydrophobic, ionization and electronic parameters.

Phenolic compounds were classified into different groups based on the structure and functional groups of the phenol. Quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) analysis was performed between the toxicity and octanol/water partition coefficient (logP) for these groups. The results showed that the toxicity of non-ionisable phenols is dependent on their hydrophobicity.

Rice allelopathy induced by methyl jasmonate and methyl salicylate.

Methyl jasmonate (MeJA) and methyl salicylate (MeSA) are important signaling molecules that induce plant defense against insect herbivores and microbial pathogens. We tested the hypothesis that allelopathy is an inducible defense mechanism, and that the JA and SA signaling pathways may activate allelochemicals release. Exogenous application of MeJA and MeSA to rice (Oryza sativa L.

Pancreatic injuries during laparoscopic urologic surgery.

Objectives: To review our experience with pancreatic injury (PI) associated with urologic laparoscopy. PI associated with urologic laparoscopy is uncommon.

Methods: From January 1999 to April 2004, 890 laparoscopic operations for upper urinary tract pathologic findings were performed, of which 574 were left-sided procedures.

Ipsilateral orchialgia after laparoscopic donor nephrectomy.

Background And Purpose: Complications related to laparoscopic donor nephrectomy (LDN) have been similar to those associated with open renal donor nephrectomy (ODN). However, during clinical follow-up, we noted a group of male patients who developed acute ipsilateral orchialgia after LDN. In an effort to assess the incidence of this problem, determine the etiology, and adapt preventive measures, we reviewed our experience.