Surgical and Systemic Treatment of Hereditary Breast Cancer: A Mini-Review With a Focus on BRCA1 and BRCA2 Mutations.

Hereditary breast cancer accounts for 5%-10% of breast cancer cases. The majority of familial cases have been linked to germline mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes, though other high penetrance susceptibility genes have also been identified through genomic testing advances. Optimal surgical treatment for these patients, who are of a younger age, has several challenges as it usually involves aggressive therapeutic and risk reducing interventions.

Discordance in glycemic categories and regression to normality at baseline in 10,000 people in a Type 2 diabetes prevention trial.

The world diabetes population quadrupled between 1980 and 2014 to 422 million and the enormous impact of Type 2 diabetes is recognised by the recent creation of national Type 2 diabetes prevention programmes. There is uncertainty about how to correctly risk stratify people for entry into prevention programmes, how combinations of multiple 'at high risk' glycemic categories predict outcome, and how the large recently defined 'at risk' population based on an elevated glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c) should be managed. We identified all 141,973 people at highest risk of diabetes in our population, and screened 10,000 of these with paired fasting plasma glucose and HbA1c for randomisation into a very large Type 2 diabetes prevention trial.

The Routine Use of Cholangiography for Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy in the Modern Era.

Background And Objectives: The use of routine versus selective intra-operative cholangiogram (IOC) for laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) remains an area of debate. In this study, we investigated the routine use of IOC in a single center, to determine whether it confers a reduced risk of common bile duct (CBD) injury and improved patient outcomes. We also identified several preoperative predictive factors for CBD stone detection on IOC to investigate the feasibility of a predictive model.

The importance of "His" story.

A 73-year-old previously healthy man presented with a 3-day history of rigours, abdominal pain, diarrhoea, haemoptysis and myalgia. He had not been abroad recently, but reported being a farmer and having had a recent rat infestation. Laboratory investigations revealed acute kidney failure, deranged liver function tests, raised C reactive protein and a chest CT revealed bilateral ground-glass opacities.

Alternative population sampling frames produced important differences in estimates of association: a case-control study of vasculitis.

Objective: A common population sampling frame in countries with universal health care is health service registers. We have evaluated the use of such a register, in the United Kingdom, against a commercially available database claiming large population coverage, an alternative that offers ease of access and flexibility of use.

Study Design And Setting: A case-control study of vasculitis, which recruited cases from secondary care clinics in Scotland, compared two alternative sampling frames for population controls, namely the registers of National Health Service (NHS) primary care practices and a commercially available database.