Daily blood flow restriction does not affect muscle fiber capillarization and satellite cell content during 2 wk of bed rest in healthy young men.

The present study assessed whether single-leg daily blood flow restriction (BFR) treatment attenuates the decline in muscle fiber size, capillarization, and satellite cell (SC) content during 2 wk of bed rest in healthy, young men. Twelve healthy, young men (age: 24 ± 3 yr; BMI: 23.7 ± 3.

Underpowered studies in muscle metabolism research: Determinants and considerations.

Biomedical research frequently employs null hypothesis testing to determine whether an observed difference in a sample is likely to exist in the broader population. Null hypothesis testing generally assumes that differences between groups or interventions are non-existent, unless proven otherwise. Because biomedical studies with human subjects are often limited by financial and logistical resources, they tend to have low statistical power, i.

Sport and longevity: an observational study of international athletes.

The human lifespan is influenced by various factors, with physical activity being a significant contributor. Despite the clear benefit of exercise on health and longevity, the association between different types of sports and lifespan is yet to be considered. Accordingly, we aimed to study this association in a large international cohort of former athletes using a robust linear regression model.

Resistance exercise training to improve post-operative rehabilitation in knee arthroplasty patients: A narrative review.

Knee osteoarthritis is associated with deficits in muscle strength, muscle mass, and physical functioning. These muscle-related deficits are acutely exacerbated following total knee arthroplasty (TKA) and persist long after surgery, despite the application of standardized rehabilitation programs that include physical/functional training. Resistance exercise training (RET) has been shown to be a highly effective strategy to improve muscle-related outcomes in healthy as well as clinical populations.

Access to a pre-sleep protein snack increases daily energy and protein intake in surgical hospitalized patients.

Background & Aim: In hospitalized patients, daily protein intake remains far below WHO requirements for healthy adults (0.8 g·kg·d) as well as ESPEN guidelines for patients (1.2-1.

Becoming a World Champion Powerlifter at 71 Years of Age: It Is Never Too Late to Start Exercising.

This case study assessed body composition, muscle strength, cardiorespiratory fitness, and metabolic health of the present female world champion powerlifter in the 70+ age category who started resistance exercise training at 63 years of age with no prior experience with structured exercise training. Measures of body composition (magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography, and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scanning, leg volume); strength (one-repetition maximum leg press and extension, maximum voluntary contraction, and handgrip strength); physical function (short physical performance battery); cardiorespiratory fitness (peak oxygen consumption); and metabolic health (oral glucose tolerance test) were assessed. In addition, a muscle biopsy was collected to assess muscle fiber type distribution and cross-sectional area (CSA).

Daily blood flow restriction does not preserve muscle mass and strength during 2 weeks of bed rest.

We measured the impact of blood flow restriction on muscle protein synthesis rates, muscle mass and strength during 2 weeks of strict bed rest. Twelve healthy, male adults (age: 24 ± 3 years, body mass index: 23.7 ± 3.

The muscle protein synthetic response following corn protein ingestion does not differ from milk protein in healthy, young adults.

Plant-derived proteins are generally believed to possess lesser anabolic properties when compared with animal-derived proteins. This is, at least partly, attributed to the lower leucine content of most plant-derived proteins. Corn protein has a leucine content that is highest among most plant-derived proteins and it even exceeds the levels observed in animal-derived proteins such as whey protein.

Post-prandial muscle protein synthesis rates following the ingestion of pea-derived protein do not differ from ingesting an equivalent amount of milk-derived protein in healthy, young males.

Purpose: Plant-derived proteins have received considerable attention as an alternative to animal-derived proteins. However, plant-derived proteins are considered to have less anabolic properties when compared with animal-derived proteins. The lower muscle protein synthesis rates following ingestion of plant- compared with animal-derived protein have been attributed to the lower essential amino acid content of plant-derived proteins and/or their specific amino acid deficiencies.

Type II Muscle Fiber Capillarization Is an Important Determinant of Post-Exercise Microvascular Perfusion in Older Adults.

Introduction: Microvascular perfusion is essential for post-exercise skeletal muscle recovery to ensure adequate delivery of nutrients and growth factors. This study assessed the relationship between various indices of muscle fiber capillarization and microvascular perfusion assessed by contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) at rest and during recovery from a bout of resistance exercise in older adults.

Methods: Sixteen older adults (72 ± 6 y, 5/11 male/female) participated in an experimental test day during which a muscle biopsy was collected from the vastus lateralis and microvascular perfusion was determined by CEUS at rest and at 10 and 40 min following a bout of resistance exercise.

One Week of Single-Leg Immobilization Lowers Muscle Connective Protein Synthesis Rates in Healthy, Young Adults.

Purpose: Short periods of limb immobilization lower myofibrillar protein synthesis rates. Within skeletal muscle, the extracellular matrix of connective proteins is recognized as an important factor determining the capacity to transmit contractile force. Little is known regarding the impact of immobilization and subsequent recovery on muscle connective protein synthesis rates.

Higher Muscle Protein Synthesis Rates Following Ingestion of an Omnivorous Meal Compared with an Isocaloric and Isonitrogenous Vegan Meal in Healthy, Older Adults.

Background: Plant-derived proteins are considered to have fewer anabolic properties when compared with animal-derived proteins. The anabolic properties of isolated proteins do not necessarily reflect the anabolic response to the ingestion of whole foods. The presence or absence of the various components that constitute the whole-food matrix can strongly impact protein digestion and amino acid absorption and, as such, modulate postprandial muscle protein synthesis rates.

Muscle Mass and Strength Gains Following Resistance Exercise Training in Older Adults 65-75 Years and Older Adults Above 85 Years.

Resistance exercise training (RET) can be applied effectively to increase muscle mass and function in older adults (65-75 years). However, it has been speculated that older adults above 85 years are less responsive to the benefits of RET. This study compares the impact of RET on muscle mass and function in healthy older adults 65-75 years versus older adults above 85 years.

The Postprandial Plasma Amino Acid Response Does Not Differ Following the Ingestion of a Solid Versus a Liquid Milk Protein Product in Healthy Adult Females.

Dietary protein digestion and amino acid absorption rates are modulated by numerous factors such as the food matrix. It has been speculated that protein ingested in liquid form is more rapidly digested and absorbed when compared with ingestion in solid form. Here, we assessed the postprandial plasma amino acid availability following ingestion of a single bolus of protein provided in either liquid or solid form.

Vicia faba Peptide Network Supplementation Does Not Differ From Milk Protein in Modulating Changes in Muscle Size During Short-Term Immobilization and Subsequent Remobilization, but Increases Muscle Protein Synthesis Rates During Remobilization in Healthy Young Men.

Background: Muscle mass and strength decrease during short periods of immobilization and slowly recover during remobilization. Recent artificial intelligence applications have identified peptides that appear to possess anabolic properties in in vitro assays and murine models.

Objectives: This study aimed to compare the impact of Vicia faba peptide network compared with milk protein supplementation on muscle mass and strength loss during limb immobilization and regain during remobilization.

Cheese Ingestion Increases Muscle Protein Synthesis Rates Both at Rest and During Recovery from Exercise in Healthy, Young Males: A Randomized Parallel-Group Trial.

Background: Protein ingestion increases muscle protein synthesis rates. The food matrix in which protein is provided can strongly modulate the postprandial muscle protein synthetic response. So far, the muscle protein synthetic response to the ingestion of whole foods remains largely unexplored.

Thigh muscles are more susceptible to age-related muscle loss when compared to lower leg and pelvic muscles.

Background: A key hallmark of aging is the progressive loss of skeletal muscle mass. Due to limitations of the various methods typically applied to assess muscle mass, only limited information is available on age-related differences between various muscle groups. This study assessed differences in individual lower body muscle group volumes between healthy young and older males.

Acute Quark Ingestion Increases Muscle Protein Synthesis Rates at Rest with a Further Increase after Exercise in Young and Older Adult Males in a Parallel-Group Intervention Trial.

Background: Ingestion of protein concentrates or isolates increases muscle protein synthesis rates in young and older adults. There is far less information available on the anabolic response following the ingestion of dairy wholefoods, which are commonly consumed in a normal diet.

Objectives: This study investigates whether ingestion of 30 g protein provided as quark increases muscle protein synthesis rates at rest and whether muscle protein synthesis rates are further increased after resistance exercise in young and older adult males.

Pre-sleep Protein Ingestion Increases Mitochondrial Protein Synthesis Rates During Overnight Recovery from Endurance Exercise: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Background: Casein protein ingestion prior to sleep has been shown to increase myofibrillar protein synthesis rates during overnight sleep. It remains to be assessed whether pre-sleep protein ingestion can also increase mitochondrial protein synthesis rates. Though it has been suggested that casein protein may be preferred as a pre-sleep protein source, no study has compared the impact of pre-sleep whey versus casein ingestion on overnight muscle protein synthesis rates.

Muscle fiber type grouping does not change in response to prolonged resistance exercise training in healthy older men.

Background: Ageing of skeletal muscle is characterized in some by muscle fiber type grouping due to denervation-reinnervation cycles, but the severity of fiber type grouping varies widely across individuals of the same chronological age. It remains unknown whether fiber type grouping is associated with lower muscle mass and/or reduced physical function in elderly. Therefore, we assessed the relationship between fiber type grouping and indices of muscle mass and physical function in older adults.

Resistance Exercise Training Increases Muscle Mass and Strength in Prostate Cancer Patients on Androgen Deprivation Therapy.

Purpose: This study aimed to assess the effects of 20 wk resistance exercise training with or without protein supplementation on body composition, muscle mass, muscle strength, physical performance, and aerobic capacity in prostate cancer patients receiving androgen deprivation therapy (ADT).

Methods: Sixty prostate cancer patients receiving ADT were randomly assigned to perform 20 wk of resistance exercise training with supplementation of 31 g whey protein (EX + PRO, n = 30) or placebo (EX + PLA, n = 30), consumed immediately after exercise and every night before sleep. A separate control group (CON, n = 36) only received usual care.

Twist2-expressing cells reside in human skeletal muscle and are responsive to aging and resistance exercise training.

Skeletal muscle is maintained and repaired by sub-laminar, Pax7-expressing satellite cells. However, recent mouse investigations have described a second myogenic progenitor population that resides within the myofiber interstitium and expresses the transcription factor Twist2. Twist2-expressing cells exclusively repair and maintain type IIx/b muscle fibers.

The Muscle Protein Synthetic Response to the Ingestion of a Plant-Derived Protein Blend Does Not Differ from an Equivalent Amount of Milk Protein in Healthy Young Males.

Background: Plant-derived proteins are considered to have lesser anabolic properties when compared with animal-derived proteins. The attenuated rise in muscle protein synthesis rates following ingestion of plant-derived compared with animal-derived protein has been, at least partly, attributed to deficiencies in specific amino acids such as leucine, lysine, and/or methionine. Combining different plant-derived proteins could provide plant-derived protein blends with a more balanced amino acid profile.