Active and passive social media use are differentially related to depressive symptoms in older adults.

Objectives: Previous research on social media use (SMU) and mental health has focused on younger individuals. For example, in young adults active SMU (e.g.

Contingent reflections on coronavirus and priorities for educational planning and development.

The COVID-19 pandemic has dramatically shifted education and development priorities. The tragic death toll and high rates of morbidity across many countries are an unprecedented setback and a calamity for those affected physically and mentally. The economic and social effects of lockdowns, loss of production and business confidence, and global recession will cast a long shadow over education systems.

Beyond business as usual: Aid and financing education in Sub Saharan Africa.

Since 1990 and the World Conference on Education for All well over half a trillion dollars has been disbursed as aid to education with much of it targeted on low income countries especially those in Sub-Saharan Africa. Some of the beneficiaries of this aid have transformed their economies and their education systems to the point where they can act as fiscal states and finance their recurrent and capital spending on education from domestic revenue. But too many states have failed to make this transition and remain overly dependent on sequential waves of external assistance to reduce gaps between the finance available and what is needed.

Diabetic Ketoacidosis in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes on Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter-2 Inhibitors - A Case Series.

Background: Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a serious complication of diabetes seen commonly in autoimmune Type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM), however patients with Type 2 diabetes are also at risk. Diabetic ketoacidosis may be precipitated by the catabolic stress of acute illness such as trauma, surgery, or infections. Recent studies have suggested that sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors precipitate DKA in Type 2 diabetes.

Elevated carbon dioxide and ozone alter productivity and ecosystem carbon content in northern temperate forests.

Three young northern temperate forest communities in the north-central United States were exposed to factorial combinations of elevated carbon dioxide (CO2 ) and tropospheric ozone (O3 ) for 11 years. Here, we report results from an extensive sampling of plant biomass and soil conducted at the conclusion of the experiment that enabled us to estimate ecosystem carbon (C) content and cumulative net primary productivity (NPP). Elevated CO2 enhanced ecosystem C content by 11%, whereas elevated O3 decreased ecosystem C content by 9%.

Challenges in elevated CO2 experiments on forests.

Current forest Free Air CO(2) Enrichment (FACE) experiments are reaching completion. Therefore, it is time to define the scientific goals and priorities of future experimental facilities. In this opinion article, we discuss the following three overarching issues (i) What are the most urgent scientific questions and how can they be addressed? (ii) What forest ecosystems should be investigated? (iii) Which other climate change factors should be coupled with elevated CO(2) concentrations in future experiments to better predict the effects of climate change? Plantations and natural forests can have conflicting purposes for high productivity and environmental protection.

Next generation of elevated [CO2] experiments with crops: a critical investment for feeding the future world.

A rising global population and demand for protein-rich diets are increasing pressure to maximize agricultural productivity. Rising atmospheric [CO(2)] is altering global temperature and precipitation patterns, which challenges agricultural productivity. While rising [CO(2)] provides a unique opportunity to increase the productivity of C(3) crops, average yield stimulation observed to date is well below potential gains.

Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders.

Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) is one of the most dreaded complications of orthotopic transplantation. It consists of a heterogeneous group of lymphoproliferative disorders of varying clonal composition, occurring in immuno-suppressed organ allograft recipients and is frequently due to EBV infection. It is most common in heart/lung transplants followed by heart, liver, and kidney and rarely in bone marrow transplants.

Thrombotic thrombocytopenia purpura in a patient with systemic sclerosis.

Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) has been associated with scleroderma renal crises (SRC) in the past. However such reports markedly diminished after the onset of ACE inhibitor use. Recently, reports again have surfaced that describe scleroderma patients presenting with clinical evidence of TTP.

Histological precursors of oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma: results from a 13 year prospective follow up study in a high risk population.

Background: Oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) has a very poor prognosis, which is largely due to late diagnosis. Successful early detection strategies will require identification of clinically relevant precursor lesions that can be targets for screening and treatment.

Aims: To identify the clinically relevant histological precursors of OSCC.

Nitric oxide, cAMP and the biphasic muscarinic modulation of ACh release at the lizard neuromuscular junction.

In this study, we characterized the pharmacology and physiology of the automodulation of ACh release at the lizard neuromuscular junction (NMJ). The activation of muscarinic ACh receptors generated a biphasic modulation of synaptic transmission. Muscarine-induced activation of M3 receptors (0-12 min) decreased release, whereas M1 activation (> 12 min) enhanced release.

Women's knowledge of and attitudes towards hormone replacement therapy.

Background: Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) could benefit women who have reached the natural menopause, have had a hysterectomy or have a family history of osteoporosis.

Objective: Our aim was to monitor changes in women's knowledge of, and attitudes towards, HRT since 1991.

Methods: The study was a repeat of a postal survey conducted in 1991 in the Grampian region in the North East of Scotland.

Esophageal squamous dysplasia.

Esophageal squamous dysplasia (ESD) appears to be the most important precursor for squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), and this observation is supported by early molecular findings. Pathologists in high incidence areas of the world, such as China, frequently may encounter ESD during surveillance cytology and biopsy screenings of high risk populations. ESD in low risk areas, such as the United States, is more commonly seen in esophagi resected for squamous cell carcinoma.

Solid and papillary epithelial neoplasms of the pancreas: aggressive resection for cure.

Solid and papillary epithelial neoplasms of the pancreas (SPENP) are extremely rare and usually affect young women. We retrospectively reviewed our experience with pancreatic neoplasms from 1986 to the present and identified nine patients with SPENP. All nine patients were female with a mean age of 32 years (range 16-66).

Peculiar artifacts mimicking carcinoma.

Artifacts that mimic malignancy may lead to diagnostic difficulty and can cause serious consequences. We present 2 cases received in consultation which demonstrated peculiar artifacts that closely mimicked carcinoma. In case 1, contaminating products of conception were confused with squamous cell carcinoma.

Effective and safe endoscopic reversal of nondysplastic Barrett's esophagus with thermal electrocoagulation combined with high-dose acid inhibition: a multicenter study.

Background: Barrett's esophagus is a metaplastic change in the esophageal lining with an increased risk for adenocarcinoma. Multiple endoscopic techniques have been applied in an effort to reverse Barrett's. This is a multicenter trial defining the efficacy and safety of multipolar electrocoagulation combined with high-dose acid inhibition.

The economic impact of the diagnosis of dysplasia in Barrett's esophagus.

Objective: Cost-effective strategies for identifying patients with Barrett's esophagus who are most likely to develop cancer have not been developed. Surveillance endoscopy is currently used, and we hypothesized that more frequent surveillance intervals would identify patients with "transient positive" diagnoses of dysplasia--dysplasia found on one examination but not on subsequent ones. Our aim was to explore the potential economic impact of transient positive diagnoses of dysplasia on alternative surveillance strategies over a 10-yr period.

The Vienna classification of gastrointestinal epithelial neoplasia.

Background: Use of the conventional Western and Japanese classification systems of gastrointestinal epithelial neoplasia results in large differences among pathologists in the diagnosis of oesophageal, gastric, and colorectal neoplastic lesions.

Aim: To develop common worldwide terminology for gastrointestinal epithelial neoplasia.

Methods: Thirty one pathologists from 12 countries reviewed 35 gastric, 20 colorectal, and 21 oesophageal biopsy and resection specimens.

Effects of supplemental alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene on colorectal cancer: results from a controlled trial (Finland).

Background: Some epidemiological investigations suggest that higher intake or biochemical status of vitamin E and beta-carotene might be associated with reduced risk of colorectal cancer.

Methods: We tested the effects of alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene supplementation on the incidence of colorectal cancer in the Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention (ATBC) Study, a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial among 29,133 50-69-year-old male cigarette smokers. Participants were randomly assigned to receive alpha-tocopherol (50 mg), beta-carotene (20 mg), both agents, or a placebo daily for 5-8 years.