Life after life: Recidivism among individuals formerly sentenced to mandatory juvenile life without parole.

In Miller v. Alabama (2012), the Supreme Court abolished mandatory juvenile life without parole (JLWOP) sentences and subsequently decided that the ruling applied retroactively (Montgomery v. Louisiana, 2016), effectively rendering thousands of inmates eligible for resentencing and potential release from prison.

A Sm(II)-mediated cascade approach to dibenzoindolo[3,2-b]carbazoles: synthesis and evaluation.

Previously unstudied dibenzoindolo[3,2-b]carbazoles have been prepared by two-directional, phase tag-assisted synthesis utilizing a connective-Pummerer cyclization and a SmI2-mediated tag cleavage-cyclization cascade. The use of a phase tag allows us to exploit unstable intermediates that would otherwise need to be avoided. The novel materials were characterized by X-ray, cyclic voltammetry, UV-vis spectroscopy, TGA, and DSC.

BPTs: thiophene-flanked benzodipyrrolidone conjugated polymers for ambipolar organic transistors.

A series of novel thiophene-flanked benzodipyrrolidone (BPT)-based alternating copolymers are synthesised, their optical and electrical properties evaluated. The BPT unit promotes a conjugated, planar polymer backbone, with a low bandgap, primarily due to low lying LUMO energy levels. Copolymerisation with thiophene exhibits well balanced ambipolar organic field-effect transistor performance, with electron and hole mobilities 0.

Phase tag-assisted synthesis of benzo[b]carbazole end-capped oligothiophenes.

The introduction and removal of a phase tag have been used to trigger cyclization events in a new synthesis of benzo[b]carbazoles. The approach has been exploited in a tag-assisted approach to new benzo[b]carbazole end-capped oligothiophenes for preliminary evaluation as semiconductors.

Drug discovery and development in the age of molecular medicine.

Drug discovery might be better termed drug invention. Discoveries take place globally, and many arise from academia and research institutes. The job of the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industry is to identify those that stand the greatest chance of being turned into medicines to improve health-in other words, to invent a practical outcome on the basis of discovery.

Emerging therapeutic targets in psoriasis.

Biopharmaceuticals that target specific disease-mediating molecules have advanced our understanding of the pathogenesis of psoriasis. The traditional paradigm that psoriasis is primarily a disease of epidermal cells has been replaced with a model that now includes keratinocyte-derived factors, inflammatory mediators and angiogenic mechanisms. Recent studies have highlighted some of the key molecules involved in all of these pathogenic processes.

Expression profiling of the Leishmania life cycle: cDNA arrays identify developmentally regulated genes present but not annotated in the genome.

As genomic sequencing of Leishmania nears completion, functional analyses that provide a global genetic perspective on biological processes are important. Despite polycistronic transcription, RNA transcript abundance can be measured using microarrays. To provide a resource to evaluate cDNA arrays, we undertook 5' expressed sequence tag analysis of 2183 full-length randomly selected cDNAs from Leishmania major promastigote (days 3, 7, 10 of culture in vitro), and lesion-derived amastigote libraries.

From genomes to vaccines: Leishmania as a model.

The 35 Mb genome of Leishmania should be sequenced by late 2002. It contains approximately 8500 genes that will probably translate into more than 10 000 proteins. In the laboratory we have been piloting strategies to try to harness the power of the genome-proteome for rapid screening of new vaccine candidate.

Sterilization of contaminated bone-tendon autografts using 10% povidone-iodine solution.

This study evaluates methods of sterilizing contaminated bone-tendon autografts using 10% povidone-iodine solution. Sterile grafts were prepared from human cadavers. Grafts were immersed in a suspension of either Staphylococcus aureus or Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and three sets of sterilization experiments were performed in 10% povidone-iodine for 30 minutes: one each with S.

Identification and characterisation of a functional peroxidoxin from Leishmania major.

Leishmania spp. encounter damaging oxygen metabolites from endogenous metabolic processes as well as from exogenous sources, such as inside the gut of the sandfly vector and within host macrophages. The recently described peroxidoxin protein family form part of a novel pathway for metabolising hydrogen peroxide that, in trypanosomatids, links peroxide reduction to NADPH oxidation via trypanothione.

Returning to work after heart transplantation.

The purpose of this study was to determine what factors influence a patient's return to work after heart transplantation. Two hundred fifty patients who had undergone heart transplantation were surveyed at seven regional centers in the United States (five of which were Medicare-certified). Of these patients, 45% were employed, 36% were unemployed, 13% were medically disabled, and 6% had retired.

Social rehabilitation and return to work after cardiac transplantation--a multicenter survey.

As the medical results of heart transplantation steadily improve, the social rehabilitation of patients, in particular, their ability to return to some form of employment, is becoming increasingly important. Two-hundred fifty patients were therefore surveyed at 7 heart transplant centers (5 of which were Medicare certified) from different geographic regions in the U.S.

Relation between plasma beta-endorphin and the ventilatory response to hypercapnia in humans.

1. Endogenous opioids have been implicated in the control of breathing in neonates, but their role in ventilatory control in adults remains unclear. 2.

Stress reduction with heart transplant patients and their families: a multidisciplinary approach.

Stress reduction is an important part of the treatment plan for heart transplant patients at Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois. This individualized stress reduction program is offered to both patient and family members through the complementary efforts of the social work and occupational therapy departments. The objectives of this program are to educate the participants in a variety of coping and stress reducing techniques to help prepare them for the multitude of stressors encountered during the entire transplant experience.