CpG methylation in human papillomavirus (HPV) type 31 long control region (LCR) in cervical infections associated with cytological abnormalities.

The mechanisms that regulate papillomavirus gene expression include DNA methylation. The transcription of papillomavirus oncogenes E6 and E7 is controlled by certain regulatory elements in the LCR, which include binding sites for the E2 protein, a viral regulator of oncogene expression. In HPV-31-infected exfoliated cervical cells, the CpG methylation of the entire LCR was determined by next-generation sequencing after bisulfite modification.

Serum interleukin-6 levels in murine models of Candida albicans infection.

Two Balb/C mouse models of Candida infection were used to detect serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) responses. The first model used systemic infection by Candida albicans ATCC 10231 strain infected through the lateral tail vein of mice without any specific pretreatment. The median Candida burdens of the kidneys were 1.

Elevated tumor necrosis factor-alpha expression in periapical lesions infected by Epstein-Barr virus.

Introduction: In apical periodontitis, there is an intense inflammatory response to endodontopathogenic bacteria, an essential component of the pathogenic microbiota. The inflammation can be aggravated by herpesviruses acting as nonessential pathogens in periapical lesions. This study aimed to determine the levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) in periapical lesions in relation to local occurrence of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6), and human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8).