Three-photon excited fluorescence microscopy enables imaging of blood flow, neural structure and inflammatory response deep into mouse spinal cord .

Nonlinear optical microscopy enables non-invasive imaging in scattering samples with cellular resolution. The spinal cord connects the brain with the periphery and governs fundamental behaviors such as locomotion and somatosensation. Because of dense myelination on the dorsal surface, imaging to the spinal grey matter is challenging, even with two-photon microscopy.

Postoperative Outcomes, and Growth and Brain Injury Outcomes in Spontaneous Intestinal Perforation vs Surgical Necrotizing Enterocolitis in Preterm Infants.

Objective: To compare the clinical outcomes in preterm infants following surgical necrotizing enterocolitis (sNEC) and spontaneous intestinal perforation (SIP).

Methods: Retro-spective comparison of clinical information in preterm infants with sNEC and SIP admitted between January, 2013 and December 31, 2018. The clinical outcomes were compared in two groups, including postoperative and brain injury detected on brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) after clinical and histopathological confirmation of the SIP and the NEC diagnosis.

Outcomes by disease onset, sex, and intervention in neonates with SIP and surgical NEC.

Background: Outcomes of infants following surgical necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) and spontaneous intestinal perforation (SIP) categorized by the age of onset, interventions, and sex are not well defined.

Methods: Retrospective comparison of infants categorized by age of onset (NEC at <10, 10-20, and >20 days) and SIP at <7 versus ≥7 days), sex, and intervention [Penrose Drain (PD) vs. laparotomy].

Unexplained visual loss in retinal detachment repair: comparing gas, silicone oil and heavy silicone oil by multivariable regression.

Purpose: To measure the proportion of unexplained and all causes of visual loss following primary rhegmatogenous-retinal-detachment (RRD) repair, comparing gas tamponade (SF, CF, CF), silicone oil (SO, 1000cs and 5000cs) and heavy silicone oil (Densiron).

Methods: Retrospective, continuous, comparative study from 01/1/2017-31/5/2021. All primary RRDs were included after successful removal of SO and Densiron.

The Cajal body marker protein coilin is SUMOylated and possesses SUMO E3 ligase-like activity.

Cajal bodies (CBs) are subnuclear domains that contribute to the biogenesis of several different classes of ribonucleoproteins (RNPs) including small nuclear RNPs. Only some cell types contain abundant CBs, such as neuronal cells and skeletal muscle, but CBs are invariant features of transformed cells. In contrast, coilin, the CB marker protein, is a ubiquitously expressed nuclear protein but the function of coilin in cell types that lack CBs is not well understood.

Functional and Anatomical Outcomes of Pars Plana Vitrectomy for Epiretinal Membrane in Patients with Uveitis.

Purpose-To evaluate the anatomical and functional outcomes of vitrectomy and epiretinal membrane (ERM) peeling in patients with uveitis. Secondarily, we evaluated the effect of internal limiting membrane (ILM) peeling on surgical outcomes, and of surgery on uveitis activity and, thus, therapeutic regime. Methods-Bicentre, retrospective, interventional case series of 29 eyes of 29 consecutive patients affected by uveitis and ERM, that had undergone pars plana vitrectomy with ERM peel between 2012 and 2020, with a minimum postoperative follow-up (FU) of six-months.

Outcomes of Heavy Silicone Oil (Densiron) compared to Silicone Oil in primary rhegmatogenous retinal detachment: a multivariable regression model.

Purpose: To measure the visual outcomes, proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) and retinectomy rates following primary rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) repair, comparing silicone oil (SO) and heavy SO (Densiron).

Methods: Retrospective, continuous comparative study from January 2017 to May 2021 of all primary RRD. Multivariable linear (logMAR gain) and binary-logistic (PVR-C and retinectomy rate) regression models to compare tamponade were performed.

Intestinal Resection is More Likely to be Effective in Necrotizing Enterocolitis Extending to Colon than in Disease Limited to the Small Intestine.

Background: The prognosis in surgical necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) has focused on the total length of the resected bowel; the relative impact of small intestinal vs colonic resection is not well studied.

Objective: We hypothesized that intestinal resections may reduce mortality and length of hospital stay (LOS) more likely in infants who have NEC extending into the colon than in those with disease limited to the small intestine. We also investigated the relationship between gestational maturation and NEC-related mortality.

The use of fluorinated gases and quantification of carbon emission for common vitreoretinal procedures.

Purpose: To report the contribution to carbon dioxide equivalent mass [COEM] of various types of VR surgery performed across three tertiary referral centres, according to their indication and fluorinated gas used. We secondarily reported on the difference in tamponade choice, and COEM between the different centres.

Materials: Retrospective, continuous, comparative multicentre study of all procedures using fluorinated gases between 01/01/17-31/12/20 at the Manchester Royal Eye Hospital and Birmingham and Midland Eye Centre, and between 01/01/19-31/12/2020 at the University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire.

Coilin as a regulator of NF-kB mediated inflammation in preeclampsia.

The nuclear factor-Kappa B (NF-κB) pathway is a crucial mediator of inflammatory signaling. Aberrant activation of NF-κB is associated with several disorders including preeclampsia (PE). Many regulators of the NF-κB pathway have been identified, including microRNAs (miRNAs).

Sustained impact of COVID-19 on primary retinal detachment repair in a tertiary eye hospital from March to December 2020.

Purpose: To review the sustained effect of COVID-19 on rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) baseline characteristics and outcomes.

Methods: This was a retrospective consecutive case series at the Birmingham and Midlands Eye Centre including patients undergoing primary RRD repair between 23 March and 31 December 2017-2019 (Group 1) and 2020 (Group 2). The deciles of indices of multiple deprivation (IMD) were determined by postcode to group patients into least deprived (IMD1-5) and most deprived (IMD6-10).

Vitreoretinal specialists compared with residents on outcomes of primary laser retinopexy in preventing retinal detachment in 958 eyes.

Objective: Retinal tears are the most common vitreoretinal (VR) emergency and retinopexy aims to reduce the risk of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD). Currently retinal laser is a required competence by the Royal College of Ophthalmologists for residents. We report 6-month detachment rate and repeat retinopexy rate of VR specialists compared with residents.

Environmental effect of air versus gas tamponade in the management of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment VR surgery: A multicentre study of 3,239 patients.

Purpose: To report the potential reduction of carbon emissions by utilising air-tamponade (AT), where possible, instead of fluorinated gases in the management of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD). We compared the carbon CO2 emissions produced at two large tertiary referral vitreoretinal (VR) centres where RRD are exclusively repaired using fluorinated gases to a tertiary VR mass of each gas used according to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.

Materials And Methods: Retrospective, continuous, comparative multicentre study of all procedures using fluorinated gases between 01/01/17-31/12/20 at the Manchester Royal Eye Hospital (MREH) and Birmingham and Midland Eye Centre (BMEC), and between 01/01/19-31/12/2020 at the University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire (UHCW).

The Effect of Supervision and Out-of-Hours Surgery on the Outcomes of Primary Macula-On Retinal Detachments Operated by Vitreoretinal Fellows: A Review of 435 Surgeries.

Purpose: During bank holidays and weekends (BHWE), many primary macula-on retinal detachments (RD) across the United Kingdom are performed unsupervised out-of-hours by experienced vitreoretinal (VR) fellows. We aimed to determine whether first-year (F1) and second-year (F2) fellows could safely operate out-of-hours independently with remote supervision on primary macula-on RDs.

Methods: This is a retrospective consecutive series of 435 patients attending the Birmingham and Midlands Eye Centre from January 2017 to July 2020.

Effect of deprivation and ethnicity on primary macula-on retinal detachment repair success rate and clinical outcomes: A study of 568 patients.

Purpose: Socio-economic deprivation and ethnic variation have been frequently linked to poorer health outcomes. We collected a large series of primary macula-on rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) cases and analysed the effect of socio-economic deprivation and ethnicity on both six-month retinal re-detachment rate and visual outcomes.

Materials And Methods: Retrospective consecutive case series of 568 patients attending Birmingham and Midlands Eye Centre from January 2017-2020.

Environmental Effect of Fluorinated Gases in Vitreoretinal Surgery: A Multicenter Study of 4,877 Patients.

Purpose: To investigate the direct contribution to carbon emissions of fluorinated gases used in all vitreoretinal (VR) procedures utilizing gas tamponade and assess the respective carbon footprint of the three different gas delivery systems.

Design: A multicenter, retrospective, environmental impact study.

Methods: All VR procedures using fluorinated gases between 2017 to 2020 at the Manchester Royal Eye Hospital (MREH) and Birmingham and Midland Eye Centre (BMEC) (the second and third largest VR centers in the UK), and between 2019 to 2020 at the University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire (UHCW) were included.

Coilin enhances phosphorylation and stability of DGCR8 and promotes miRNA biogenesis.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are ∼22 nt small noncoding RNAs that control gene expression at the posttranscriptional level through translational inhibition and destabilization of their target mRNAs. The biogenesis of miRNAs involves a series of processing steps beginning with cropping of the primary miRNA transcript by the Microprocessor complex, which is composed of Drosha and DGCR8. Here we report a novel regulatory interaction between the Microprocessor components and coilin, the Cajal body (CB) marker protein.

The Cajal body protein coilin is a regulator of the miR-210 hypoxamiR and influences MIR210HG alternative splicing.

Hypoxia is a severe stressor to cellular homeostasis. At the cellular level, low oxygen triggers the transcription of a variety of genes supporting cell survival and oxygen homeostasis mediated by transcription factors, such as hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs). Among many determinants dictating cell responses to hypoxia and HIFs are microRNAs (miRNAs).

Effect of demographics and ethnicity on laser retinopexy in preventing retinal detachment in a tertiary eye hospital in 812 eyes.

Purpose: To investigate different baseline characteristics, clinical indications, repeat retinopexy rate, and 6-month detachment rate of primary laser retinopexy across different ethnicities.

Method: Retrospective, single-centre, consecutive comparative study, looking at all patients who had primary laser retinopexy between January 2017 and 2020. Multivariate Cox survival [reporting hazard ratio (HR)] and binary logistic regression (reporting odds ratio) analyses were performed to investigate differences between ethnicities with age, gender, operator level (vitreoretinal or general ophthalmologist) and high myopia status (≤-6.

Primary retinopexy in preventing retinal detachment in a tertiary eye hospital: a study of 1157 eyes.

Purpose: Retinopexy is the most common vitreo-retinal procedure performed in the eye emergency department and significantly reduces the risk of a rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD). There are various indications for retinopexy, with the most common being horseshoe-tears (HST). Multiple treatment techniques exist, ranging from slit-lamp laser-retinopexy, indirect laser-retinopexy or cryopexy.

Cisplatin and phenanthriplatin modulate long-noncoding RNA expression in A549 and IMR90 cells revealing regulation of microRNAs, Wnt/β-catenin and TGF-β signaling.

The monofunctional platinum(II) complex, phenanthriplatin, acts by blocking transcription, but its regulatory effects on long-noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have not been elucidated relative to traditional platinum-based chemotherapeutics, e.g., cisplatin.