Pest Management and Ochratoxin A Contamination in Grapes: A Review.

Ochratoxin A (OTA) is the most toxic member of ochratoxins, a group of toxic secondary metabolites produced by fungi. The most relevant species involved in OTA production in grapes is . Berry infection by is enhanced by damage to the skin caused by abiotic and biotic factors.

Interspecies-cooperations of abutilon theophrasti with root colonizing microorganisms disarm BOA-OH allelochemicals.

A facultative, microbial micro-community colonizing roots of Abutilon theophrasti Medik. supports the plant in detoxifying hydroxylated benzoxazolinones. The root micro-community is composed of several fungi and bacteria with Actinomucor elegans as a dominant species.