Multiple testing for signal-agnostic searches for new physics with machine learning.

In this work, we address the question of how to enhance signal-agnostic searches by leveraging multiple testing strategies. Specifically, we consider hypothesis tests relying on machine learning, where model selection can introduce a bias towards specific families of new physics signals. Focusing on the New Physics Learning Machine, a methodology to perform a signal-agnostic likelihood-ratio test, we explore a number of approaches to multiple testing, such as combining -values and aggregating test statistics.

Klippel-Trénaunay-Weber Syndrome: Prenatal Diagnosis and Review of the Literature.

Klippel-Trénaunay-Weber syndrome (KTW) is a rare congenital disease, representing a challenge in prenatal diagnosis due to overlapping characteristics with other syndromes and no specific genetic markers known to date. We have collected all the cases present in the literature on the prenatal diagnosis of KTW, emphasizing common ultrasound findings that can guide the clinician and genetics to the prenatal counseling. Thus, we collected all the information about the postnatal prognosis and the necessity for treatment.

RsaL-driven negative regulation promotes heterogeneity in quorum sensing.

Single-cell analyses can reveal that despite experiencing identical physico-chemical conditions, individual bacterial cells within a monoclonal population may exhibit variations in gene expression. Such phenotypic heterogeneity has been described for several aspects of bacterial physiology, including QS activation. This study demonstrates that the transition of non-quorate cells to the quorate state is a graded process that does not occur at a specific cell density and that subpopulations of non-quorate cells also persist at high cell density.

Whole-Cell Biosensors for Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Quorum Sensing Signal Molecules and the Investigation of Quorum Quenching Agents.

In Pseudomonas aeruginosa relevant features including virulence and biofilm formation are controlled by quorum sensing (QS), a cell density-dependent intercellular communication system based on the production and response to signal molecules. P. aeruginosa has evolved chemically distinct compounds employed as QS signal molecules (QSSMs) that can be detected and quantified through rapid, sensitive, and low-cost methods based on whole-cell biosensors.

Alkyl-quinolone-dependent quorum sensing controls prophage-mediated autolysis in colony biofilms.

is a model quorum sensing (QS) pathogen with three interconnected QS circuits that control the production of virulence factors and antibiotic tolerant biofilms. The QS system of is responsible for the biosynthesis of diverse 2-alkyl-4-quinolones (AQs), of which 2-heptyl-4-hydroxyquinoline (HHQ) and 2-heptyl-3-hydroxy-4()-quinolone (PQS) function as QS signal molecules. Transcriptomic analyses revealed that HHQ and PQS influenced the expression of multiple genes via PqsR-dependent and -independent pathways whereas 2-heptyl-4-hydroxyquinoline -oxide (HQNO) had no effect on transcriptome.

Immunomodulatory Effects of New Phenanthrene Derivatives from .

Three new phenanthrene derivatives (, , ), one new fluorenone (), and four known compounds (-) were isolated from the ethyl acetate extract of Sw. stems using column chromatography. The chemical structures were elucidated by analysis of spectroscopic data.

Correlation between a Force-Sensing Oral Appliance and Electromyography in the Detection of Tooth Contact Bruxism Events.

Background: Oral appliances embedding sensors can be interesting tools for monitoring tooth contact bruxism in a home environment, as they address some of the usability limitations of portable electromyography (EMG) systems. In this study, an oral appliance for sleep bruxism monitoring was compared to an electromyograph.

Methods: Simulated bruxism events with tooth contact, specifically clenching and grinding, and other occlusal activities unrelated to bruxism, were measured in 23 subjects with the two instruments simultaneously.

Learning new physics efficiently with nonparametric methods.

We present a machine learning approach for model-independent new physics searches. The corresponding algorithm is powered by recent large-scale implementations of kernel methods, nonparametric learning algorithms that can approximate any continuous function given enough data. Based on the original proposal by D'Agnolo and Wulzer (Phys Rev D 99(1):015014, 2019, arXiv:1806.

Store-operated calcium entry controls innate and adaptive immune cell function in inflammatory bowel disease.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is characterized by dysregulated intestinal immune responses. Using mass cytometry (CyTOF) to analyze the immune cell composition in the lamina propria (LP) of patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD), we observed an enrichment of CD4 effector T cells producing IL-17A and TNF, CD8 T cells producing IFNγ, T regulatory (Treg) cells, and innate lymphoid cells (ILC). The function of these immune cells is regulated by store-operated Ca entry (SOCE), which results from the opening of Ca release-activated Ca (CRAC) channels formed by ORAI and STIM proteins.

Customized Appliance Device for Force Detection in Bruxism Individuals: An Observational Study.

Objective: This study aims to test a customised device for detecting contact-related sleep bruxism in adult patients and to show the efficacy of an established biofeedback method incorporated within the device.

Methods: Four volunteers, three of whom suffered from bruxism and one did not, underwent four tests to assess bruxism-related force detection during sleep with concurrent electromyographic recording and to compare SB activity with and without biofeedback stimuli.

Results: The device detected sleep bruxism in bruxer individuals, whilst no activity emerged in the control individual.

PqsE Expands and Differentially Modulates the RhlR Quorum Sensing Regulon in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

In the opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa, many virulence traits are finely regulated by quorum sensing (QS), an intercellular communication system that allows the cells of a population to coordinate gene expression in response to cell density. The key aspects underlying the functionality of the complex regulatory network governing QS in P. aeruginosa are still poorly understood, including the interplay between the effector protein PqsE and the transcriptional regulator RhlR in controlling the QS regulon.

Cadmium affects cell niches maintenance in Arabidopsis thaliana post-embryonic shoot and root apical meristem by altering the expression of WUS/WOX homolog genes and cytokinin accumulation.

Cadmium (Cd) is one of the most widespread polluting heavy metals in both terrestrial and aquatic environments and represents an extremely significant pollutant causing severe environmental and social problems due to its high toxicity and large solubility in water. In plants, the root is the first organ that get in contact with Cd. It is absorbed by the root system and translocated to the shoot and leaves through xylem loading, causing a variety of genetic, biochemical, and physiological damages.

Managing a patient with purple urine bag syndrome.

Purple urine bag syndrome most commonly occurs in chronically catheterized patients who develop urinary tract infections. Although this syndrome can cause concern because of the appearance of abnormally colored urine, it is relatively benign. However, if left untreated, purple urine bag syndrome can lead to complications associated with progressive lower urinary tract infections.

Regulatory T Cell Extracellular Vesicles Modify T-Effector Cell Cytokine Production and Protect Against Human Skin Allograft Damage.

Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are a subpopulation of CD4 T cells with a fundamental role in maintaining immune homeostasis and inhibiting unwanted immune responses using several different mechanisms. Recently, the intercellular transfer of molecules between Tregs and their target cells has been shown via trogocytosis and the release of small extracellular vesicles (sEVs). In this study, CD4CD25CD127 human Tregs were found to produce sEVs capable of inhibiting the proliferation of effector T cells (Teffs) in a dose dependent manner.

Homeostatic and pathogenic roles of GM3 ganglioside molecular species in TLR4 signaling in obesity.

Innate immune signaling via TLR4 plays critical roles in pathogenesis of metabolic disorders, but the contribution of different lipid species to metabolic disorders and inflammatory diseases is less clear. GM3 ganglioside in human serum is composed of a variety of fatty acids, including long-chain (LCFA) and very-long-chain (VLCFA). Analysis of circulating levels of human serum GM3 species from patients at different stages of insulin resistance and chronic inflammation reveals that levels of VLCFA-GM3 increase significantly in metabolic disorders, while LCFA-GM3 serum levels decrease.

Leptin induces TNFα-dependent inflammation in acquired generalized lipodystrophy and combined Crohn's disease.

Leptin has been shown to modulate intestinal inflammation in mice. However, clinical evidence regarding its immune-stimulatory potential in human Crohn's disease remains sparse. We here describe a patient with the unique combination of acquired generalized lipodystrophy and Crohn's disease (AGLCD) featuring a lack of adipose tissue, leptin deficiency and intestinal inflammation.

Celiac Disease Monocytes Induce a Barrier Defect in Intestinal Epithelial Cells.

Intestinal epithelial barrier function in celiac disease (CeD) patients is altered. However, the mechanism underlying this effect is not fully understood. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the role of monocytes in eliciting the epithelial barrier defect in CeD.

Environmental Microbial Factors Determine the Pattern of Inflammatory Lesions in a Murine Model of Crohn's Disease-Like Inflammation.

Crohn's disease (CD) patients can be grouped into patients suffering from ileitis, ileocolitis, jejunoileitis, and colitis. The pathophysiological mechanism underlying this regional inflammation is still unknown. Although most murine models of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) develop inflammation in the colon, there is an unmet need for novel models that recapitulate the spontaneous and fluctuating nature of inflammation as seen in CD.

Microfluidics-enabled phenotyping of a whole population of worms over their embryonic and post-embryonic development at single-organism resolution.

The organism is a performant model system for studying human biological processes and diseases, but until now all phenome data are produced as population-averaged read-outs. Monitoring of individual responses to drug treatments would however be more informative. Here, a new strategy to track different phenotypic traits of individual nematodes throughout their full life-cycle-i.

Adipokines and Their Role in Intestinal Inflammation.

Fat tissue was initially described for its endocrine and metabolic function. Over the last two decades increasing evidence indicated a close interaction with the immune system. Partly responsible for this immune modulatory function are soluble factors released by the fat tissue, most prominently the so-called adipokines.

The Management of Nausea at the End of Life.

The evaluation and management of nausea in patients near the end of life can be more challenging than that of nausea in patients undergoing antineoplastic therapies. Unlike in the oncology setting in which nausea is primarily managed using antiemetic regimens that have been developed with the neuropharmacology and emetogenic potentials of chemotherapy agents in mind, many patients receiving end-of-life care have nausea of multifactorial etiology. Patients also may be older with reduced physiologic ability to metabolize and clear drugs.